The essence of matter is defined as extensiveness, that is, simple quantity. Introduce the mechanical principle of physical action and reaction. Regard causality as the universal law of nature and even human society. The contradiction between dilemma, inseparability and continuity.

Descartes school thinks that objects are extensive entities, so they are infinitely separable. There are no inseparable atoms, no pure nothingness. Affirm continuity and deny inseparability. A school of atomism holds that objects are made up of inseparable atoms. There is room for motion between atoms, that is, void. You can determine the inseparable point and deny the continuity.

Leibniz realized that he must give up the viewpoint of explaining natural things from the perspective of quantity or extension, and tried to seek a simple, invisible and eternal entity as the basis of everything from the perspective of quality and initiative. So Leibniz distinguished three points after Bruno:

1. Points in mathematics are inseparable and have no extension. They are the products of abstract thinking and have no reality.

2. Physical points are realistic and infinitely separable, so they are not unified entities.

3. The so-called list is an objective, infinite, immaterial and dynamic spiritual entity, which is the soul and internal purpose of everything.