First, the overall grasp
This is an interesting article. The author writes the slug vividly with vivid brushwork, which is very readable. This is also the feature of Fabres's whole book Insects. Mr. Lu Xun once called "Insect Story" a model of "telling insect stories" and "telling insect life". Zhou Zuoren said: "It is more interesting and meaningful than reading those boring novels and plays." Indeed, Fabres's fruits are vivid, and the author's respect and love for life are permeated between the lines.
Let the students read the text carefully first and draw the words of birth. Then read it again and draw the most wonderful paragraphs or sentences you think. The purpose of doing this is to make students feel the content of the text effectively.
How did the author draw the slug out? 1 paragraph, I didn't write slug, I wrote it on someone else's National Day, and I haven't forgotten to observe insects. "I'm Alone" shows how persistent the author is about the cause he loves! Scientific research needs such a spirit. The second paragraph says that cicadas stop chirping at night and have a rest. Suddenly, a cicada chirp leads to Guo Guo, the "hero" of this article. What an ingenious way of writing!
Introduce the jokes in the third paragraph. The author uses personification to write the fruit. Write its song first. The sound of the fruit is "whispering", "like the sound of a pulley" and "like the faint sound of a shriveled film", and the sound is dumb, sharp, short and crisp. When frogs and other insects around are silent, the voice of slugs is "very soft". These descriptions all show the author's love for fruit. Especially "Qingguoguo", if you play the piano any louder, you are a better singer than cicada. In northern China, people let cicadas usurp your reputation! "What a strong and warm emotion!
In the fourth paragraph, I began to write about the feeding habits of slugs until the last paragraph, which is the main body of the article. This part is to observe the slugs in the metal net cover. In order to understand the living habits of insects, the author not only went to the wild to observe, but also caught a lot of them and kept them at home. This is his laboratory. What does the fruit look like? The author made a description: "very beautiful, green all over, with two pale white ribbons on the side, beautiful figure, slim and symmetrical, and two big wings as light as yarn." Beautiful language describes the lovely appearance of the fruit. Next, the author wrote about the food of slugs. The author compares grasshoppers with owls, and neither of them likes lettuce leaves very much. This made the author encounter "trouble". The word "trouble" shows the author's loving attitude towards slugs. The author speculates that the fruit may eat fresh meat. This kind of introduction is different from the general explanation. With obvious emotional color, cordial and natural, rich in literary brushwork, it is the characteristic of Fables' insect story. This kind of brushwork is very popular with teenagers. How does the author know what kind of food Guoguo likes best? In short, through observation. In the early morning, the scene I watched while walking revealed the food mystery of slugs-catching cicadas for food. So why does Guoguo like to eat cicada's belly best? "Is the belly more popular than other parts?" The author continues the experimental observation with this question. The seventh paragraph reveals the secret of eating cicada's belly first, because there is both meat and sugar in the belly. Paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 are supplementary explanations on the feeding habits of slugs. 1 1 paragraph, Guoguo gets along well and never quarrels.
This article is interesting from beginning to end without any mechanical introduction. The spirit of exploration and innovation shown by the author in this paper is very valuable and can have a good influence on students.
The writing features of this article are outstanding: 1. Literary style. This article is not as straightforward as general expositions, but flexible, vivid and eclectic. There are not only descriptions of insects, but also personal feelings. 2. Vivid language. The author is full of affection for the fruit, so the use of language is as vivid and touching as possible. For example, "they ate the dish with relish" and "it accepted it without hesitation". "When the crops are full, it scratches the soles of its feet with the tip of its beak, wipes its face and eyes with its claws stained with saliva, and then closes its eyes or lies on the beach to digest the food". These languages are very vivid. 3. The use of personification. For example, Guo Guo is talking to himself, Guo Guo loves sweets, and Guo Guo is in harmony with each other. The use of personification makes the article natural and friendly, and enhances readability. 4. Write Guo Guo by comparison. For example, when writing the voice of slugs, compare the voice of cicadas; When writing that it likes to eat meat, compare it with owls; When writing about it chasing cicadas, compare it with eagles; When writing about cannibalism, it is more mantis. These comparisons not only highlight the habits of slugs, but also show that the author knows the habits of various insects like the back of his hand.
Second, the problem research
There are many new words in this article, so the teacher should ask the students to read and write more and find out the meaning. These words are: bonfire, hunting, noise, jungle law, chin, pliers, mute, quiet, silent, better, cassock, lettuce, disparity, kicking, relish, crop, beak, sucking, passion, mantis, greed, saliva.
This is an interesting article. In teaching, we should pay attention to arouse students' enthusiasm for learning and never get bored. Therefore, it is advisable to read more books and let students discuss it by themselves.
Paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are all very short, which means that the teacher can let the students summarize by themselves. For example, the teacher can ask, "Can these five paragraphs be merged into one paragraph? Why? "
Practice note
Read the text quickly, discuss and complete the following questions.
1. What are the characteristics of green slugs? What are the habits of green slugs? What kind of habits does the author mainly write about?
2. The author constantly changes the names of green slugs, finds out these names, and talks about what names the author uses under what circumstances and what effect this writing has.
3. personification is used in many places in the text. find a few examples and talk about the benefits of this writing.
Reference answer:
1. This question checks the reading effect to see if students can grasp the basic content of the article. Reference answer: Appearance characteristics, "This insect is beautiful, bright green, with two pale white ribbons on the side, beautiful figure, slim and symmetrical, and two big wings as light as yarn." The author wrote about the call and feeding habits of slugs. Mainly about eating habits.
2. The names given to the fruit by the author are: fanatical hunter, prisoner in my cage, cicada butcher, etc. The author of "Killing cicadas by Guo Guo" used "fanatical hunters"; When the fruit becomes the object of observation and experiment in the author's cage, the author uses "prisoner in the cage"; Guo eats cicada meat, which the author calls "the butcher of cicada". The author constantly changes the appellation, making the writing more vivid, the description more vivid and the impression more profound.
3. "Whispering", "enjoying", "loving sweets" and "accepting without hesitation" are anthropomorphic. This writing is natural and vivid.
Second, go outside and listen to insects and birds, recognize these sounds and describe them vividly in a paragraph.
The purpose of this topic is to encourage students to carry out Chinese practice activities and realize interdisciplinary communication.
Teaching suggestion
First, read Fabres's Insects (excerpts) after class and make reading notes.
Second, pay attention to language learning and accumulation.
Third, students introduce each other to an animal they are most familiar with.
related data
I. Introduction of Fables (Wang Guang) Company
1823 12.22, Fabres was born in a farmer's family in Saint-Leon village, Averon province in southern France. His father, Ann Deus Fables, was eloquent and keen. His mother, Victor Solgus, is gentle and amiable. But they are a poor family.
Fables was about four years old, and his parents sent him to live with his grandmother, which temporarily reduced the burden of food and clothing for the family. Naive children fall in love with grandma's white geese, calves and sheep, and with flowers, grass, insects and birds in the outdoor nature.
When he was seven years old, his parents took him home and sent him to the primary school in the village. The conditions of the school building are extremely simple, with a formal room and an attic on the roof. Formal rooms are used as classrooms, kitchens, dining halls and bedrooms, and outside the doors are chicken coops and pigsty. Although the teacher has a sense of responsibility, he often can't teach normally, because he also works as a barber, a castle keeper, a bell ringer, a choir member and a bell repairman in the village.
When he first entered the school, Fabres was very uncomfortable. These 26 French letters took him several times as long as others, but fabrice Jr. had a strong thirst for knowledge. He often has the opportunity to go to the countryside, and every time he comes back, his pockets are full of snails, shells, mushrooms or other plants and insects.
Adults are keen on city life. When fabrice was ten years old, he had to move to Rhodes with his family before he finished primary school. My parents opened a small coffee shop there and arranged for fabrice, who loves learning, to go to Lodz Middle School, where he only attended classes and had no room and board. During this period, in order to pay the full tuition, fabrice went to church every Sunday to do some service work for mass activities and earned a little reward. During the whole middle school period, the Fables family moved several times because of livelihood problems, and then settled in Toulouse, Upper Garonne Province and Montpellier, Erona Province. As a teenager, Fables had to go out to work to make a living, which made it impossible for middle schools to study normally. He seized all the time to teach himself and asked questions frequently. /Kloc-When he was 0/5 years old, he entered avignon Normal School in Vakruz Province and was officially admitted.
After graduating from avignon Normal School, Fables got the position of junior high school teacher in Carpenter Trass Middle School in the same province, and began his career as a middle school teacher for more than 20 years.
At first, he taught mathematics. Once I took a student to an outdoor geometry class, and suddenly I found bees and beehives built on rocks. The "worm heart" that had been imprisoned by urban life for 89 years suddenly glowed. He spent a month's salary on a book on entomology. After careful reading, an irresistible strong motivation was born. He is determined to be a person who writes history for insects. He was less than 19 that year.
The determination to study insects has been made, but teaching is the occupation for survival, and Fabres still has to struggle for practical problems. He first took the exam organized by the relevant departments and got the bachelor's certificate of high school graduation qualification. Later, I insisted on amateur self-study, passed various examinations, and obtained a bachelor's degree in physical mathematics with a university degree. 24-year-old Fables was transferred to Corsica by the government education department as a teacher in ajaccio Middle School. While teaching hard, he used his spare time to make animal and plant observation records. Four years later, he was transferred back to avignon as a middle school teacher. He has an ideal in his heart: one day he can give lectures in a university.
Two years later, Fables still earned a bachelor's degree in natural science by self-study. Another year, 365,438+0-year-old Fabres obtained a doctorate in natural science with the strength of two excellent academic papers. The titles of these two papers are: studies on root nodules of orchids and anatomical studies on the development of regenerative organs and polypods. In the same year, he published a long-term accumulated achievement-Observation on the Custom of Mud Bees in the Yearbook of Natural Science. Observation has won wide acclaim, and Fabres's excellent observation ability is convincing. It is recognized that he not only corrected the mistakes of the authoritative scholars of the predecessors, but also made up for the omissions of the predecessors and expounded his unique views. Fabres's article on entomology began to attract people's attention. At the age of 34, he published the research results on the supermorphology of Coleoptera insects, and his excellent academic quality and great theoretical significance impressed his peers. The French Institute awarded him the Experimental Physiology Award, affirming that his research on living insects has different value from insect structural anatomy. British biologist Darwin paid special attention to this young Frenchman; When the Origin of Species 1859 was published, people read that Darwin called him "an observer who is hard to emulate".
Fabres is a learned teacher. He found a method to extract red dye from madder, and the local government intends to adopt his technology. Unexpectedly, after several years of twists and turns, the factory owner finally set up a workshop to synthesize madder red dye artificially, which failed to realize his "industrial chemistry dream" of using madder natural resources. During this period, the Imperial Ministry of Education awarded him a medal in the name of an outstanding teacher, mainly in recognition of his ability to engage in natural science research in his post as a teacher; He also gave Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte a few minutes' interview. After giving up the chemical engineering plan, in order to implement the education reform plan of the Minister of Education and increase the content of natural courses, Fabres gave some lectures to female college students from time to time, and more and more people attended the lectures. Out of conservatism, prejudice and jealousy, a group of outstanding politicians and educators accused him of being "subversive and dangerous" for no reason, and religious diehards attacked him for "talking about sexual reproduction of plants in front of girls". Finally, the landlord stepped in and forced the fabrice family to move out. Fabrice decided to leave avignon City, determined never to stand on the platform of the university again. The year is 1870, and Fabres is 46 years old.
Fabrice, his wife and children entered the province of Vaccruz and found a home in Orange. First I lost my job, then I spent my travel expenses, and my life was gone. Fabrice, who has always been shy, began to ask for money for the first time, complaining to the famous British philosopher Mill who lived in avignon for several years. Mr Mill's generosity helped the Fabres family tide over the difficulties. In the following five years, Fabres made a living mainly by writing books on natural science, and his excellent literary works began to emerge. He has published many books, including explanatory works such as Sky, Earth and Plants, and a series of story works such as Uncle Paul's Talk about Pests.
1875 after long-term thinking, Fabres decided to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the city and step up the implementation of the entomology work plan of sorting out old data and carrying out new research. He moved to a rural town in Serignan with his family. The conditions in the town are poor in all aspects, and there is not even a decent school. He encouraged his youngest son: You can exercise your strong body and strong mind here, and you can find beauty and truth better than in that pile of old paper. After four years of efforts and more than twenty years of data accumulation, the first volume of entomology was published in 1879.
1880, Fabres's long-cherished wish finally came true: with a small sum of money he saved, he bought an old house in a wasteland near the town, and the plan to further study living insects was about to come true. He was in high spirits and gave this residence a funny nickname-Waste Stone Garden in the local Provencal language. Year after year, the owner of the barren stone garden wears a farmer's woolen coat, eats the vegetarian soup and rice of the people, and digs the earth with a sharp pick and a flat shovel. As a result, flowers and plants compete with each other, and shrubs are overgrown, building a paradise for insects. He guarded his beloved barren stone garden, started his life at full speed, tirelessly engaged in unique entomology research, and wrote his own labor achievements into volumes of entomology works. In this way, he spent the rest of his life in loneliness, happiness, poverty and peace for 35 years.
Entomology is a masterpiece written with a lot of scientific report materials and literary temperament. Its style is basically prose, and its main content is entomology. At the same time, it includes some biographical articles about experiences and memories, some expositions about solving theoretical problems, and a small amount of words with popular science knowledge. The advantages of an entomological explorer who has gone through many vicissitudes and pursued many things have been fully exerted in this masterpiece. There are more than 220 articles in ten volumes, which are rich in content and have their own opinions; But I'm afraid only the author knows the difficulty of the project best. Fabres put it this way: "Prose writing" is more "cruel" than solving the roots of equations.
When the tenth volume was released, he didn't plan to compile two books, Cabbage Butterfly and Firefly, because they were written for the planned eleventh volume. At this time, he realized that his 85-year-old body could no longer support himself, and he was deaf and dizzy, and his fingers were stiff, so it was difficult to write normally. Finally, he buried the idea of "Volume 11" in his heart and decided to make two articles as a supplement to Volume 10. 19 10 years, he is over 86 years old, and the tenth volume is out. Holding a book, leaning on a crutch and holding a magnifying glass, he wandered around the "Wild Stone Garden" step by step, still trying to write down the "insect story" again ... but the old man's wish was difficult to realize.
This year, in the name of "50th Anniversary of Entomology Writing", the family invited Fabres's close friends and academic friends to "Wild Stone Garden" and held a small celebration for him. Fabrice felt comforted and tears welled up in her eyes. When the news came out, the media made a fuss: the French forgot this proud compatriot who lived in seclusion in the "barren stone garden" so easily! Fabrice doesn't care about this "negligence". He is planning to publish a ten-volume hardcover edition of Insects, and personally wrote a brief preface for this edition. At the end of the preface, it is like this: "I am very sorry that I am forced to interrupt these studies now." You know, doing these studies is the only comfort I get in my life. Looking at the whole world, self-conscious insects are one of its most colorful groups. Even if I can gain a little more strength and even live a few times, I can't fully understand the interests of insects. "
The press created a propaganda momentum, and the name of "Fables" spread everywhere; Praises such as "greatness", "the most outstanding" and "greatness" come one after another, and the laurels of honor fly to the elderly one after another; "Wild Stone Garden" is very lively, and there are endless crowds competing to visit, mourn and congratulate, including ordinary readers, academic dignitaries and government officials by car. There is only one news that can move Fabres: in that year, the number of albums sold by his works was the sum of the previous 20 years. Later, small plaster statues of Fabres appeared everywhere; Later, large statues of Fabres were cut and unveiled. Old people don't know what glory is all their lives. At this time, he subconsciously shook his head, which was quite puzzling. The 90-year-old man said to his old friend in a humorous tone: "These practices are too' evil'. They can do whatever they like. Anyway, I feel that I am getting haggard every day and getting closer to the end every day. "
A month before her 92nd birthday, Fables lay in bed, waiting for the milestone in her life. It was a day in June191511.He was as calm as a soldier who despised death. At this time, people found that he had fallen asleep quietly. A giant who played the vibrato of human destiny with insects as the piano disappeared.
Less than 10 years after Fabres's death, the ten-volume hardcover book Insects was published. His son-in-law, Dr. Legro, will publish a collection of articles introducing his life and continue to write the eleventh volume of Insects.
The French literary circle once recommended Virgil in the Insect World as a candidate for Nobel Prize in Literature. Unfortunately, before the members of the Nobel Committee made a final decision, the news of Fables' death came. However, this glorious title has been spread by people.
Fables was once called an "insect observer", but he was recognized as an "entomologist" in his later years. After his death, people called him "entomologist and writer" for a period of time, and later called him "writer and entomologist". These titles are well-deserved for Fabres.
Second, Fabres and Insects (Zou Hua)
Huacheng Publishing House has published the French version of The Complete Translation of Insect Stories in ten volumes, which has drawn a satisfactory conclusion for this story. Nearly 80 years have passed since Zhou Zuoren and Lu Xun were first introduced.
In Fabres's time, the study of animals was to dissect and classify animals in the laboratory. The entomologist's research is to nail insects in wooden boxes, soak them in soju, and observe their tentacles, jaws, wings and feet with wide eyes, but rarely think about what role these organs play in the process of insect childbirth. They named insects worker ants, but they didn't know what worker ants produced. Important characteristics of insect life-instinct and habit, etc. Can't be elegant in entomology. Fabres challenged tradition, turned himself into an insect man, went deep into the life of insects, and studied their instincts and habits through field experiments. His research method was criticized by orthodox forces. He retorted, "You are cutting open the internal organs of insects, and I am doing research while they are alive and kicking;" You turn insects into a bunch of horrible and poor things, and I make people like me; You work in torture room and the morgue, and I observe the cicada singing under the blue sky; You test the hive and protoplasm with reagents, while I study the highest expression of instinct; You explore death and I explore life. " (Insects, Volume II)
In the ruthless natural environment, insects struggle for the survival of individuals and races with perseverance. Fables, like his beloved insect, insisted on his research method. The world was shocked when Fabres presented the complicated insect world to people with a large number of detailed first-hand materials, and held out that the fruits of his lifelong research on insects came from his "barren stone garden".
Entomology is a rigorous scientific work, but its face is very kind, not pretentious and profound, not dry and pedantic, not obscure and boring serious academic works. "There is no formula full of words and half-baked nonsense, but an accurate description of the observed facts, not much at all, not much at all." (Insects, Volume II)
This was also criticized by the orthodox school, saying that his words were not solemn. Fabres said, "If one day I write for scholars and philosophers who try to understand instinctive problems a little, I will write for them, especially for young people. I hope they like this natural history that you make them sick. " That's why I don't use your scientific writing while trying to provide information, because it seems to borrow the language of Huron (17th century North American Indians-editor's note). "(Entomology Volume II) What's more, it was an era of" style is people ". After Buffon shouted "Style is man", naturalists were keen to write research results into literary works throughout the 18 and 19 centuries. Fabres is no exception. He has made great efforts in the style of his articles, but Insects are not as flashy as ordinary literary works. Fables' style is just like his personality: simple and true.
Please look at Fabres's description of the generous cicada drilling a well in an afternoon in July, but it was captured by the invaders:
Sure enough, a large group of thirsty guys wandered around in all directions. They found the well, and the juice oozing from it exposed it. These guys swarmed, and at first they were a little cautious, just licking the oozing juice. I saw wasps, flies, globes, mud bees, spider bees, goldsmiths and scarabs all rushing to the sweet wellhead, and most of them were ants.
In order to get close to the clear spring, those little people got under the cicada's stomach, and the cicada generously raised its claws to let these uninvited guests pass freely; The bigger insects stamped their feet impatiently, took a quick breath, then retreated, went for a spin on the nearby branches, and then came back more boldly. They became more greedy, and they just restrained themselves. Now they have become a group of noisy intruders, bent on driving the open-source drowning people away from the spring.
Among these robbers, ants are the most persistent. I've seen them bite the tips of cicadas' claws bit by bit, grab the tips of their wings, climb the back of cicadas and scratch their tentacles. A brave ant was right under my nose, clutching the cicada's straw and desperately trying to pull it out.
The giant was impatient with the dwarf and finally gave up the well. It spilled a bubble of urine on these robbers and ran away. (Entomology, Volume V)
Fabres's Tale of Insects is not limited to truly recording the life of insects, but uses human nature to observe the nature of insects. Insect instinct, habit, labor, marriage, reproduction and death are all permeated with humanistic care, and social life is reflected by insect nature, and wise philosophy is vividly on paper. Most importantly, the whole work is full of love for life and praise for all things in nature. It is this reverence for respect and love for life that infuses the soul into this ordinary scientific work, making this book about tiny insects a masterpiece for human beings to acquire knowledge, interest, beauty and thoughts.
Poverty and prejudice have been plaguing Fables all his life. He can take advantage of his talents in chemistry and mathematics, take an easy shortcut, win applause and honor, and live a dream life. He insisted on research and exploration because he had a certain spirit; That is seeking truth, that is seeking truth, seeking truth. Without this spirit, there would be no entomology, and the tree of human spirit would lack a fruit of wisdom.
Fabrice said, "I am St. Thomas (one of the twelve disciples of Jesus). I didn't believe in Jesus' resurrection until I touched his wound with my own hands. -Editor's Note) Difficult disciples, before saying' yes' to one thing, I have to observe and touch it, not once, but two or three times, even endlessly, until my doubts are completely convinced by overwhelming evidence. " (Entomology, Volume 7) Seeking truth makes him develop the empirical spirit of insect research to an extremely rigorous level, and he must explore the truth of the insect world through repeated observation and experiments; Seeking truth makes him as naive as a child and dares to question the authoritative theory according to his own observations and experiments. When Fabres was studying the wallbee in the raspberry pile, he found that the facts he observed were contrary to the theory of survival of the fittest, so he poked a needle in Evolution:
If the famous laws that dominate and transform the world are well-founded, if the most talented people really exclude the least talented people from the world stage, if the future belongs to the strongest and most skilled people; So since the Volby family dug a hole in the raspberry stump, they should let those weak people who stubbornly want to go out through the usual exit die and replace them with powerful people who are good at digging holes from the side. ..... However, the descendants of the strong did not make the descendants of the weak disappear. On the contrary, they are still in the minority. I am deeply impressed by the significance of the law of survival of the fittest, but whenever I want to apply this law to the observed facts, it keeps me busy without any evidence to explain the actual situation. This law is magnificent in theory, but it is actually a ball full of air. (Insects, Volume II)
Darwin's theory of evolution is one of "19 century's three great discoveries of natural science". 19th century is a century in which "natural selection, survival of the fittest" prevails. Fabres made this untimely sound, and it was this spirit of seeking truth that gave him courage.
Two million words of entomology not only recorded Fabres's research results in detail, but also recorded Fabres's motivation, life ambition, knowledge background and living conditions, especially Alma Lab, atavism, my school, pond, mathematical memory: Newton binomial, mathematical memory: my little desk and childhood memory. If we look at it from another angle, we might as well regard Insect as Fabres's autobiography, a very peculiar autobiography. Insects are only evidence of his research experience and circumstantial materials of his biography.
Third, the light music player-Yan Si
Tethys is the best among insect "musicians". The most prominent feature of owls is that they are good at singing. Its songs are different, some are loud, some are low and swaying, or like running water, or like a shower, with high or low tones and clear or dumb voices, adding a series of wonderful notes to nature.