Pierre-Simon Laplace

French mathematician and astronomer. Academician of French Academy of Sciences. 1749 was born in Beaumont-Honnore, Calva province in northwest France, and 1827 died in Paris on March 5. He used to be a professor of mathematics at the Paris Military Academy. 65438-0795, Professor of Paris Institute of Technology, then Professor of Higher Normal School. 18 16 was elected as an academician of the French Academy, and 18 17 was the dean.

Laplace is the main founder of celestial mechanics, one of the founders of celestial evolution chemistry, the founder of analytical probability theory and the pioneer of applied mathematics. Laplace mathematically proved that the orbital size of the planet only changes periodically, which is the famous Laplace theorem. He has published more than 270 papers on astronomy, mathematics and physics, totaling more than 4,006 pages. Among them, the most representative monographs are Celestial Mechanics, Cosmic System Theory and Probability Analysis Theory. 1796 published the Theory of Cosmic Systems. He is known as the father of Newton and celestial mechanics in France for studying the dynamics of solar system stability.

Laplace was born in Beaumont, Normandy, France. His father is a farmer. He has shown outstanding mathematical ability since he was young. He left home for Paris at the age of 18 and decided to work in mathematics. So I went to D'Alembert, a famous French scholar at that time, with a letter of recommendation, but the latter refused to see me. Laplace sent D'Alembert a paper on mechanics. This paper was so excellent that D'Alembert was suddenly happy to be his godfather, and Laplace was recommended to teach in a military school. After that, he and lavoisier worked together for a period of time, and they measured the specific heat of many substances. In 1780, the two of them proved that the heat required to decompose a compound into its constituent elements is equal to the heat released by these elements when they form the compound. This can be regarded as the beginning of thermochemistry and another milestone in the law of conservation of energy after Braque's research on latent heat. After 60 years, this law was finally born. Laplace's main attention is focused on the study of celestial mechanics, especially the perturbation of celestial bodies in the solar system and the general stability of the solar system. He applied Newton's law of universal gravitation to the whole solar system, and in 1773, he solved a famous problem at that time: explaining why Jupiter's orbit is shrinking and Saturn's orbit is expanding. Laplace proved the invariance of the average motion of the planet by mathematical method, and proved that it is the cubic of eccentricity and inclination. This is the famous Laplace theorem, and the study of the stability of the solar system begins. In the same year, he became an associate academician of French Academy of Sciences, from 1784 to 1785. He concluded that the gravitational component of a celestial body to any particle outside it can be expressed by a potential function, which satisfies a partial differential equation, that is, the famous Laplace equation. 1785 was elected as an academician of the Academy of Sciences. 1786 proves that the eccentricity and inclination of planetary orbits are always small and constant, and can be adjusted automatically, that is, the perturbation effect is conservative and periodic, that is, it will not accumulate or disappear. 1787 found that the acceleration of the moon is related to the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, which theoretically solved the last abnormal problem observed in solar system dynamics. 1796, his book "Cosmic System Theory" came out, in which he put forward the nebula hypothesis about the origin of planets, which had a great influence later. He has been engaged in the research of planetary motion theory and lunar motion theory for a long time, and has made a lot of important achievements on the basis of summarizing previous studies. His achievements are concentrated in the five volumes of celestial mechanics published in 1799 ~ 1825. This book puts forward the term celestial mechanics for the first time, which is a masterpiece of classical celestial mechanics. The political changes that swept France during this period, including the rise and decline of Napoleon, did not obviously interrupt his work, although he was a man involved in politics. His popularity and ability to apply mathematics to military problems protected him. He also showed an admirable have it both ways's ability in political attitude.

Laplace also made many contributions to mathematics. 18 12 published an important book, Probability Analysis Theory. From 65438 to 0799, he also served as the director of the French longitude bureau and served as the interior minister for six weeks in Napoleon's government.

Laplace's masterpiece Celestial Mechanics is the representative work of various schools. The subject name of "Celestial Mechanics" was first put forward in the book, which is a masterpiece of classical celestial mechanics. Cosmic system theory is another masterpiece of Laplace. In this book, independent of Kant, he put forward the first scientific theory of the origin of the solar system-nebula theory. Kant's nebula theory was put forward from a philosophical point of view, while Laplace enriched it from a mathematical and mechanical point of view. Therefore, people often call their nebula theory "Kant-Laplace Nebula Theory".

Laplace put forward a scientific hypothesis in 18 14, called Laplace demon.

Hypothesis: If an intelligent creature can determine the current state of motion from the largest celestial body to the lightest atom, then it can calculate the past state and future state of the whole universe according to the laws of mechanics. Later generations called his supposed intelligent creatures Laplacian demons.

Laplace also made great contributions to mathematics and physics. Laplace transform and Laplace equation named after him are widely used in various fields of science and technology.

Supplementary note: 1, Laplace is Napoleon's teacher, so he has an indissoluble bond with Napoleon.

Laplace is a master of mathematics and a nobody in politics. He is always loyal to the dominant party and is looked down upon. Napoleon once mocked him for bringing infinite spirit to the cabinet.

Laplace magic

Rose Girl is a mysterious rabbit in Rose Girl.

Then the magic of Laplace in animation can be regarded as omnipotent. His task, or one of his responsibilities, is to be a bystander when things around him will not affect the normal progress of Alice's game, but when things around him will affect the normal progress of the game, he has the responsibility and ability to get the game back on track.

Although he knew it was fake, he also knew that it would not be an obstacle to Alice's normal game, so he didn't interfere or take any action.

In fact, when Barasuishou won all the mysterious roses, she also collapsed. At this time, Alice's game didn't work properly, because all the other girls were turned into "garbage" by Barasuishou. At this time, Laplace's magic exercised its responsibility and ability, calling or inviting the real "father's adult" (Luo Zhen's appearance was also moved by pure roar), so Luo Zhen repaired other dolls that were not recognized as "pseudo-seven dolls" and Barasuishou became "garbage". So Alice's game returned to normal. However, Xiao Berry, who was defeated by Zhen Hong, and Lapislazuli Stern, who was defeated by mercury lamp, were considered as "disqualified".