The black dot on the left of the equal sign is 0, and the white dot is 1.

Counting from the vicinity of the equal sign to the left, the position of each point represents 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 respectively, which is the result of how many twos are multiplied. (Note: 0 2 times equals 1)

When calculating, the sum of the number represented by the white dot plus 1 is the number after the equal sign.

For example, a formula equal to 5. Counting from the left of the equal sign, the white dot closest to the equal sign represents 1, and the third white dot represents 4, so the left of the equal sign is 1+4, plus 1, which is equal to 5.

Question mark? That is 1+8+ 1= 10.