The first neuromodulation
First, basic exercises
(a) fill in the blanks
1 and the picture on the right is a schematic diagram of the human nervous system. Please look at the picture and answer (fill in names in brackets and letters in brackets).
The human nervous system can be divided into two parts, namely, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The former consists of [A] (brain) and [C] (spinal cord), while the latter consists of [B] (cranial nerve) and [D] (spinal nerve).
2. The brain and spinal cord are connected with the body and internal organs through the peripheral nervous system (cranial nerve and spinal nerve).
3. According to the schematic diagram of knee jerk reflex process in the textbook, the basic structure of a reflex is completed, which is receptor, afferent nerve, center, efferent nerve and effector in turn.
(2) Multiple choice questions
1, after someone accidentally becomes a "vegetable", although he still has heartbeat and breathing, the ability of other activities disappears, and the undamaged part of his brain may be (D).
A. brain b, midbrain c, cerebellum d, brain stem
2. The structure connecting the left and right brain, brain and cerebellum, brain and spinal cord is (D).
A. Brain stem B. Ganglion C. Nerve center D. Nerve fiber
When a person's hand touches the needle tip, it will retract immediately and then feel pain. This kind of pain is (D).
A. the feeling produced by receptors. Nerve impulses are introduced into the spinal cord.
C. the impulse reaches the muscle through the spinal cord. D. impulses are transmitted to the cerebral cortex through the spinal cord.
4, the following reflection does not belong to the unconditional reflection is (c).
A. See pupils shrink B. Hands shrink when they are hot C. Talk about tigers turning pale D. Baby sucks.
5. Some people walk unsteadily when they are drunk. Which organ of the central nervous system is paralyzed by alcohol? (3)
A. brain b, midbrain c, cerebellum d, brain stem
6, the following phenomenon, belongs to the unconditional reflection is (b).
A. the dog in the circus performs arithmetic. B. When sand enters the eyes, people cry.
C. Looking at plums to quench thirst D. Students do math problems
7. The center of knee jerk reflex is (C).
A. brain B. brain stem C. spinal cord D. cerebellum
8. In the knee jerk experiment, you are (B).
A. feel the knock first, then stretch the calf B. stretch the calf first, then feel the knock.
C. stretching the calf and sensory tapping occur simultaneously. D. stretch the calf and feel no knocking.
9, the following description about the human nervous system and its related structures, the error is (c).
A. the nervous system includes the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
B. the gray matter is located in the center of the spinal cord.
C. The peripheral nervous system consists of brain, spinal cord and its nerves.
D. The cerebral cortex is the highest center for regulating human physiological activities.
(3) Questions and answers
1. Please analyze the purpose of the first step. Through experimental comparison, it is proved that the reflex arc structure of the left and right hind limbs is complete.
What conclusion can be drawn from the second step? Why? Only when the structure of the reflex arc is complete can it be launched (the reflection of the right hind limb occurs). The left hind limb lacks receptors and the reflex does not appear.
What conclusions can be drawn from the third step? Why? The center of the reflex is in the spinal cord. After the spinal cord was destroyed, the reflex arc structure of the left and right hind limbs could not appear because of the lack of center.
2. Why do you choose lumbar puncture below the third lumbar vertebra in clinic?
Because the end of adult spinal cord is between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, puncture below the third lumbar vertebra can avoid damaging the spinal cord.
3. The picture on the right is a schematic diagram of knee jerk reflection arc. Please write down the transmission and transmission process of information in the five components of reflex arc according to the diagram.
The percussion of the wooden pestle stimulates the receptor and excites it. The nerve impulse reaches the center through the afferent nerve. After the center is integrated, it sends instructions to the effector (skeletal muscle) through the efferent nerve, and the muscle is excited to contract and lift the calf.
4. What is reflection? Give examples of how reflection can protect the body from harm.
Reflex refers to the regular response of the body to internal and external stimuli with the participation of the nervous system. Reflection is automatic, without thinking, and fast. It can make the body out of danger before the injury happens.
Second, expansion and thinking
essay question
1, spinal cord: knee jerk reflex center, micturition reflex center, defecation emission center, hand retraction reflex center, etc.
Brain stem: blink reflex center, cardiovascular activity center, respiratory center, vomiting reflex center, swallowing reflex center, etc.
Hypothalamus: thermoregulation center, feeding center, osmotic pressure regulation center, blood pressure regulation center, sleep regulation center, etc.
2、
Dangerous stimulation-eyes-afferent nerve-subcortical nerve center (hypothalamus)-efferent nerve (sympathetic nerve)-heart, adrenal gland-heartbeat is accelerated.
Gene control of life activities; Gene expression has a precise time program.
Chapter II Section II
Basic exercises
(1) Fill in the blanks:
1, [A] brain [B] spinal cord [C] nerve brain and spinal cord
2. Convergence and divergence
3. Axonal conduction of dendritic cells is stimulated.
4. (1) receptor afferent nerve center efferent nerve
(2) Synapse
③ No central nervous system.
(2) Short answer questions
(1) The spinal cord (2) has no receptors and the reflex arc is incomplete (3) has no nerve center and the reflex arc is incomplete.
Expand and think.
1, omitted
2, just the second chapter in the third quarter.
Basic exercises
1, exocrine gland has no ductal gland.
2. Blood circulation of endocrine glands
(1) a Pituitary dwarfism and gigantism are too high.
(2) Short and low B thyroxine.
(3) islet
(4) adrenal c increased.
Expand and think.
1, these phenomena are related to the physiological function of thyroxine. Thyroxine has a strong function of promoting substance metabolism, which can accelerate the oxidative metabolism of sugar and fat in many tissues and increase the oxygen consumption and heat production of the body. Thyroxine in excess of physiological dose will decompose a large amount of protein in the body and increase the excitability of the nervous system. Therefore, patients with hyperthyroidism lose weight, their heart rate increases and their body temperature is higher than that of normal people.
2. Increased heart rate and respiratory rate. This is because during exercise, the metabolic rate of tissues and organs increases, which requires more nutrition and produces more metabolites. In order to adapt to the metabolic changes during exercise, through the adjustment of nervous system and endocrine system, there will be changes such as accelerated heartbeat, increased blood pressure, vasodilation of skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction of digestive tract.
Chapter III Section 1
Basic exercises
1, omitted
2. This view has some truth, which is beneficial to keep healthy. But this view does not pay attention to mental health and social adaptability.
3. From focusing only on physical health to focusing on mental health and social adaptability; We should not only consider the influence of natural environmental factors on health, but also pay attention to the influence of social environmental factors on health.
Expand and think.
leave out
Chapter III, Section II
Basic exercises
leave out
Expand and think.
1, in fact, is how to face the possible pressure. Please refer to the text P82. The specific answer is omitted.
2. Omission
Chapter III, Section III
Basic exercises
1, AIDS-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-close contact and transmission
Influenza virus cold-influenza virus infection-droplet transmission
Bacillary dysentery-Shigella dysentery infection-fecal transmission
Plasmodium-insect vector of malaria infection
2.( 1) isolate the source of infection
(2) cut off the route of transmission and protect the susceptible population.
(3) isolate the source of infection and protect the susceptible population.
(4) isolate the source of infection
(5) cut off the route of transmission
(6) cut off the route of transmission
Expand and think.
1, the epidemic situation varies from country to country, so vaccination should be carried out according to the actual situation to avoid infection with infectious diseases.
2, consultation physical examination (including laboratory examination) medical instrument aided diagnosis
Chapter III, Section IV
Basic exercises
1, omitted
2. Large surgical trauma; Medical treatment does not harm the integrity of the body.
3. Prevent allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
Expand and think.
leave out
Section 4 Biological Classification
Refer to the answers in the exercise section.
First, basic exercises
① 1, generic name, adjective, describing the characteristics of this species.
2. Plant seed plant dicotyledonous plant rose rose rose
3. Animals Chordata Animals Mammals Primates Homo sapiens
(2)， 1，c，2，b
3. 1. Dogs and wolves have the same common name. Dogs, wolves, tigers, frogs and wheat belong to the animal kingdom and the plant kingdom respectively.
2.( 1) Chicken: The egg is chorionic, with no webbed toes and spines on its back;
(2) Duck: The eggs are chorionic eggs with webbed toes and spines on the back;
(3) Fish: The eggs are lint-free eggs with no spines on their backs;
(4) Shrimp: The eggs are non-chorionic eggs with spines on the back.
Second, expansion and thinking
1. Give animals different group names, indicating that animal classification can be carried out at different levels.
2. Biological classification mainly divides organisms into species, genera and other different levels according to similarity, and scientifically describes the morphological structure and other characteristics of each group, so as to clarify the genetic relationship and evolutionary relationship between different groups.
Experiment and Exercise 4.7 Identifying Common Biological Species by Using Key Tables
Using the retrieval table provided by the "information base" in the textbook, the following results are obtained:
More than 1, stipules 1/2 and petioles are combined into one without falling off. Calyx tube without thorns outside; Style divided, not protruding or protruding receptacle mouth is very short, shorter than stamens; Sepals persist at fruiting. There are no folds on the surface of leaflets and no glands on the back; Leaflets 3-7, apical; Many flowers are clustered, and if they are solitary, they have bracts; The flowers are slightly fragrant; Sepal margin pinnately divided.
Scientific name: Chinese rose
2. Stipules above1/2 are combined with petioles and do not fall off. Calyx tube without thorns outside; Styles are clustered into columns, shorter and shorter than stamens; Sepals persist at fruiting. There are no folds on the surface of leaflets and no glands on the back; Leaflets 3-7, apical; Many flowers are clustered, and if they are solitary, they have bracts; The flowers are slightly fragrant; Sepal margin pinnately divided.
Scientific name: Chinese rose
2. Stipules above1/2 are combined with petioles and do not fall off. Calyx tube without thorns outside; The style gathers into a column, protruding from the receptacle for a long time, almost as long as the stamens; Sepals often shed fruit; Umbrella is flower-shaped. Stipules split in the maze; Style glabrous; Flyers 5-9.
Scientific name: Rosa multiflora
discuss
Characteristics of leaves, flowers, etc.
Chapter V Ecosystem
Section 1 Biology and Environment
Refer to the answers in the exercise section.
First, basic exercises
( 1)
1, morphological structure, physiological function, behavior 2, environment, protective color 3, mimicry 4, intraspecific mutual assistance, intraspecific competition.
(2)
1、B 2、C 3、D 4、B 5、D 6、B 7、B 8、C 9、D 10、B
1 1、 1 F(2)E(3)C(4)D(5)B(6)A(7)C 12、A 13、A
Second, expansion and thinking
1. The environmental factor that causes the above plant life difference is temperature.
2. The population change in China in recent 1000 years has the characteristics of "J" curve; In recent 100 years, the population of China has increased rapidly, mainly due to the rapid increase of birth rate; The main measure is to implement family planning.
Section II Structure and Function of Ecosystem
Refer to the answers in the exercise section.
First, basic exercises
(1) 1, all living things, environment, producers, consumers, decomposers 2, energy flow, material circulation, information transmission 3, solar energy, decay, unidirectional 4, various elements 5, physical information, chemical information, behavioral information 6, forests, grasslands, deserts, fresh water, oceans.
(2) 1、. d2、C 3、D 4、. d5、B 6、. b7、C 8、A 9、C 10、. D。
(3) 1, (1) grass → rabbit → fox, grass → rabbit → owl, grass → mouse → fox, grass → mouse → snake → owl, grass → insect → bird → owl, grass → insect → spider → bird → owl, grass → snake → owl.
2. Producers, decomposers and consumers
3. (1) producer; Consumer (2) grass; Light energy; Unidirectional flow and gradual decline
(4) (1) The natural ecological types in Shanghai include wetland ecosystem, freshwater ecosystem and marine ecosystem.
2) Fill in the table below.
Nature reserves in Shanghai area
No. Name of Nature Reserve The main protected object ecosystem type
Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve 1 Birds and the wetland ecosystem of estuaries and sandbanks.
2 Chongming Dongtan Bird Nature Reserve migratory bird habitat and water natural ecological environment wetland ecosystem
3. ACIPENSER sinensis and ACIPENSER sinensis and their habitat wetland ecosystem in the Yangtze estuary larval nature reserve.
Natural vegetation, trees and island natural ecological environment marine ecosystem in Jinshan three islands marine ecological nature reserve
5 Dianshan Lake Water Freshwater Ecosystem in Dianshan Lake Nature Reserve
Second, expansion and thinking
Microbes, as decomposers, decompose animal excreta and the remains of animals and plants, turn various organic substances into simple elements, return to the natural environment, and be reused by plants.
Section III Stability of Ecosystem
Refer to the answers in the exercise section.
First, basic exercises
(1) 1, stage, relative stability, dynamics 2, stability, human activities 3, self-regulation, the whole ecosystem.
(2) 1，D 2，C 3，D 4，A
(3) 1, (1) biological or abiotic (2) self-regulation, biological quarantine, (1) energy, (2) dynamic stability, (3) oxygen, organic matter, (4) carbon dioxide, photosynthesis, organic matter and (5) excreta.
Second, expansion and thinking
( 1) c
(2) (1) Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem and wetland ecosystem. (2) Rational utilization of ecosystem resources and protection of ecosystem stability. (3)① Afforestation ② Reasonably determine the grazing amount to prevent overgrazing.
Experiment and Practice 5.3 Explore the influence of a certain factor change on the eco-bottle.
result
1, an example of the experimental scheme for the design of small environmental protection bottles.
Serial number Water quality Aquatic plants (branches) snail (a) bare bottle mouth
1 river water 4 1+ closed.
2 River water 1 1+ closed.
3 river water 1 1+ exposure
4 River water 1 1+ closed.
5 River water 1 1- closed
6 river 1 2+ closed
7 River 1 4+ closed
8 tap water 4 1+ off
9 tap water 1 off
10 tap water 1 1+ exposure
1 1 tap water 1 1 off.
12 tap water 1 1- off
13 tap water 12+ off
14 tap water 14+ off
Note: "+"in the lighting column in the table indicates the front surface, which is illuminated by visible scattered light, and "-"indicates the backlight surface, which is the backlight place.
2.
No.65438+No.0 No.2 No.3
Experimental materials: pond snail 1 aquatic plants 1 branch pond snail 3 aquatic plants 1 tap snail 1 aquatic plants 1 branch.
Observe and record the survival after 1 day.
Survived and died two days later.
Survive after 3 days
conclusion
When producers and consumers maintain an appropriate ratio, the stability of the ecosystem is very strong.
discuss
1. The difference of experimental results between groups is caused by the difference of producers, consumers and environment (light and water quality) in ecological bottles.
2. There is a corresponding relationship between the proportion of consumers and the time for the ecosystem to maintain stability.
Chapter VI Urban Ecology
1 chapter on urban ecology and urban environmental protection
Refer to the answers in the exercise section.
1.( 1) 1. Artificial ecosystem, urban people, living environment, energy, matter, dependence, simplification, inversion, unstable system.
2. Improve the ecological environment, reduce natural disasters and beautify life.
3. Protect human immune pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals. To prevent people from being stimulated and hurt by polluted air and water, maintain the stability of the ecosystem and protect natural resources.
4. Garbage collection, garbage transportation, garbage transfer and garbage disposal.
(2) 1，D 2，B 3，C 4，A 5，D
(3) 1，A 2，B 3，A C
(4) The reason why the temperature in the downtown area is higher than that in the suburbs is that there is a "heat island effect" in the downtown area, and the way to improve it is to increase urban greening in the downtown area.
1, pine trees can secrete volatile substances with bactericidal effect, especially young pine trees, so the air in pine forests contains little bacteria.
2. For example, using microorganisms to control environmental pollution, biological purification of sewage, biotechnology to treat garbage and wastes, using fermentation engineering technology to treat pollutants, eliminating white pollution, using genetic engineering to develop bacteria that can swallow toxic wastes, and using microbial engineering to degrade pesticide wastewater. Every case can be reported in detail on the Internet.
6. 1 experiment and practice of water pollution on aquatic animals
result
Tables (1) and (2) are omitted.
conclusion
1. The pH value of polluted water such as domestic sewage and industrial sewage has changed.
2. Little goldfish put in beakers 1 and 2 will swim fiercely. The goldfish in the beaker 1 will die in a short time.
The little goldfish in beaker 2 will also die. However, there is no abnormal change in the small goldfish in the comparison beakers (river water) of No.3 and No.4.
discuss
1. Natural and pure water is suitable for living things.
2. Water pollution causes the water quality to be black, smelly, toxic or eutrophic, which will lead to a large number of biological deaths or reproduction, inhibit the survival of other organisms and undermine the stability of the entire ecosystem.
Section 2 Urban Indoor Environment
Teaching reference answer
First, basic exercises
(1) 1, chemical, physical, biological, chemical gas, air 2, noise, electromagnetic wave, radioactive material radon radiation 3. Choose green indoor environmental testing that meets national environmental protection standards, and strengthen indoor ventilation.
(2) 1，C 2，C 3，D
4. What kind of pollution may be found in the following materials or articles?
Insecticidal spray
Noise chemical pollution
equipment
mobile phone
coating
Marble physical contamination
floor
cockroach
ceramic tile
bug
Biological pollution of electric blanket
television
(3) Fill in the form (omitted)
Second, expansion and thinking
Smoking can damage lung function, and it is easy to suffer from chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer. According to statistics, the incidence of chronic bronchitis of smokers is 2-8 times higher than that of non-smokers. 75% patients with emphysema are caused by long-term smoking. The incidence of lung cancer in long-term smokers is higher than that in non-smokers 10 ~ 20 times. Smoking not only damages lung function, but also harms the heart. 25% of people suffering from coronary heart disease are caused by long-term smoking. In addition, long-term smoking can easily induce cancer in oral cavity, stomach, bladder and other organs.
When smoking, 1/3 of the harmful substances in the smoke are absorbed by themselves, and the rest float in the air with the smoke. People who live in this smoky environment will passively smoke and inhale harmful substances. Especially for women, children and frail old people, inhaling smoke may induce many diseases. Smoking in public places is immoral, which harms both yourself and others. Therefore, smoking is prohibited in public places.