-Definitions and propositions about time, space, number and quantity.

1. It is clearly stated for the first time that the essence of time is a certain relationship between processes. On the basis of studying this relationship in detail, the concept of process system is summarized. So that the basic concept of time can be defined concisely and objectively.

2. The concepts of line segment system, rigid particle group and object position are put forward and defined for the first time. So as to define the two basic concepts of space and spatial dimension concisely and objectively. It is further pointed out that the essence of space is the set of distance relations between particles representing objects and a given set of rigid particles.

3. It is proposed for the first time that the essence of natural numbers is a certain relationship between object sets. On the basis of studying this relationship in detail, the concept of matter set system is summarized. In this way, the two basic concepts of radix and natural number can be defined concisely and objectively.

4. The logical isomorphism among process system, line segment system and object set system is pointed out for the first time. On this basis, the concept of entity system is summarized. So that the basic concept of quantity can be defined concisely and objectively.

5. Discovering and putting forward the so-called essential problems of time, space, cardinal number, natural number and quantity for the first time are actually different manifestations of the same problem. This will have an impact on people's understanding of the relationship between mathematics and natural science and the relationship between natural science and philosophy.

6. On the basis of the above achievements, the author puts forward his own views on hot issues in physics, mathematics and philosophy from a brand-new perspective, such as the unity of time and space, the starting point of time, the quantization of time and space, and the relationship between number and quantity.

7. The scientific principles of natural philosophy established by Galileo and Newton have been further developed by solving a series of academic problems: "What are the essence of time, space, number and quantity?" .