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Evaluation of Kant's philosophy
Gadamer, a famous contemporary interpreter, put it well: "Spiritual science cannot be described by the concept of progress" and "the great achievements of spiritual science research will almost never be out of date". When talking about the so-called "bankruptcy of German idealism", Heidegger once wrote indignantly: "It is not that German idealism went bankrupt, but that the times no longer have the strength to bear the greatness, vastness and primitiveness of this spiritual world." Heidegger himself studied the existing problems, always exploring the source of rivers, peeling bananas to the heart, and returning to Greek thought with the help of language analysis. In his view, modern people forget existence; The revival of ancient Greek thought is the only way to remember existence again. Only when people really exist can there be a real life. In this sense, it can be said that the spirit of the ancient Greeks is always alive, while the modern westerners died of mental weakness. Heidegger is a new course, but if we really want to study and master Heidegger's philosophy, we should not leave Plato, Aristotle, Kant and Hegel behind.
Kant's philosophy, in particular, not only made a great synthesis for the modern west to get out of post-medieval empiricism and rationalism, but also opened a big precedent for German idealism and a big source for modern western philosophy. No matter phenomenology, hermeneutics or philosophy of science, they all seek inspiration from Kant, refine problems and build a foundation for the further development of thinking. Mr. Zheng Xin said: "Beyond Kant, there may be new philosophy. If we surpass Kant, there can only be bad philosophy." Mr Zheng Xin's words are not only applicable to western philosophers, but also to China's traditional theory of justice. If we want to make creative transformation, we must also pass Kant's philosophy.
Fortunately, Mr Mou Zongsan, who lives in Hong Kong and Taiwan, has mastered and interpreted Kant's philosophy and "connected" it with China's traditional theory of justice (especially the Confucian theory of inner saints). Mou Zongsan not only mastered and explained Kant's philosophy, but also developed and enriched it. Based on the Confucian theory of inner sage and Mahayana Buddhism's theory of "opening with one heart and two minds", he fully affirmed and confirmed Kant's universal knowledge and insight in transcendental decomposition, and constructed a philosophical system with "two-layer ontology" as the basic theoretical backbone, integrating ontology, epistemology and ethics, thus making China's philosophy, which has always lacked systematic phase, directly related to western philosophy. It can be said that "Shengde is great!"
Kang Youwei was probably one of the first people who came into contact with Kant's theory in China. Long before he was appointed as an imperial envoy, he wrote a book "Zhu Tian's Theory", which poured out all the astronomical knowledge he got from western miscellaneous books, including Kant's "Xing Yun Theory", and he also attached China's traditional theory of gas shape. In fact, the Introduction to the Development of the Universe described by Kant in his Nebula is only a "small work" and has little to do with the whole system of Kant's philosophy.
Another famous but often misinterpreted argument of Kant is the so-called "agnosticism". Mr. Nanhai described it like this in "On Heaven": "However, things in the world are unfathomable, we are insignificant and our knowledge is limited. How can we do everything in the world with what we have seen and heard? " This is often said that life has a limit, knowledge has a limit, and finite cannot be infinite. Being called Kant is an unwarranted and arbitrary imposition.
Yan Fu also gave full play to the "agnosticism" in his mind, and attributed it to Kant: "Western physics is developing day by day, and people of insight argue about the poverty and subtlety of things, so as to warn people who believe in the past and have the courage to be confident. As far away as Polny in Greece, as close as Locke, Hume and Kant, it has been repeatedly explained. " Hume's and Kant's two "agnosticism" are different in meaning and argumentation approach, so it is extremely different to drag them together for comparison. This problem continues to the current college philosophy textbooks.
Yan Houguan switched to Buddhism, and Gekant I said, "Speaking of the extreme, it is an incredible place. It is neither absurd nor reasonable. This is the so-called incredible Buddhist book. " This time is very interesting. As the Buddhist said, "the reality is one phase, that is, there is no phase, that is, it is similar." This is incredible and far from it. Your heart is dead, your words are broken, and you are not in the realm of knowledge Kant's old translation of "things are in themselves" is quite meaningful.
Kant's Philosophy and Yin and Yang Studies
Kant wrote three important books:
Critique of Pure Reason is about how people know the world-truth.
Critique of Practical Reason is about what human ethical rules are-goodness. The object of the former is the phenomenon world, and the object of the latter is the phenomenon world.
The object of is ontology-bound. There is an insurmountable gap between phenomenon and ontology. In the gap,
Build a bridge on the bridge to make the phenomenon transition to the ontology. This bridge is the purpose of nature. it
Including aesthetic feeling-beauty. It means that nature transits to its purpose, that is, guest, through people's subjective aesthetic feeling.
The ontology of view. This includes the natural purpose of aesthetic feeling, which is the main criticism of judgment in the third book
Content.
Since Newton put forward the three laws of physics, Kant affirmed mathematical physics from a philosophical point of view.
Reliability and metaphysical impossibility.
Transcendental perceptual aesthetics affirms that it is possible for mathematics to pass through the spatio-temporal model.
Transcendental analysis of transcendental logic
The category of reason affirms that physics is possible.
Transcendental dialectics of transcendental logic
Its content:
1. The finiteness of the world,
2. Freedom of the soul,
3. God is omnipotent. Collectively known as transcendental concept.
Kant's transcendental dialectics teaches us that transcendental concept is only an illusion Schein, and metaphysics is impossible.
Because these problems belong to ontology.
Although metaphysics is impossible, pure reason points out the goal of our ontological world. These goals can
This is caused by practical reasons.
Now we use pure rational criticism to define Yin-Yang studies, with phenomena as the boundary.
Kant's criticism of practical reason in the second book.
Idaho (short for Idaho)
Practical reason Practical reason has practical principles.
Grundsaetzen der Reinen Praktischen Vernunft has two elements:
First, the subjective principle.
Two. Objective practice method
The Basic Law of Practical Reason
Moral law? Moralische Gesetz wrote:
Make the subjective principle conform to the objective practice law.
This is a very important principle.
Cohen.
We use the above practical principles to define the theory of Yin and Yang, and take God as our goal.
i(kx-wt) -i(kx-wt)
T4(x, t)= Le+Ge
The soul must transition to T2 and merge with T4. T 1 is immortal and happy in the Tao flow.
In order to bridge the gap between the phenomenal world-truth and the ontological world-goodness, Kant wrote
The third book, critical judgment. Criticism of judgment is not like rational taste buds and practical rationality.
Have your own territory, and you can make laws on this basis. Judgment is only between the two places, with a tone.
Adaptability, so as to perform the transition function. There is a priori principle in judgment. The derivation of this transcendental principle:
In nature, we find the diversity of nature, and then seek commonness, that is:
The purpose of nature Although found in nature, this principle is a priori.
Judgment (its transcendental principle: natural purpose)
Can be divided into two parts:
Aesthetic judgment is subjective in form.
2) The purpose judgment is objective and substantial.
1) judgment of beauty: its appearance is only subjective and has no direct relationship with the object.
So we won't take this as a goal, sir.
lediglich auf subject be zogen。
The judgment of beauty is divided into two parts:
A. the formal beauty of natural schools
The beauty of nature is irrelevant. The beauty of nature can be felt without concept.
The beauty of nature has a form. The beauty of nature can be satisfying.
Note: Kant also talked about the beauty of art, that is, the beauty of people. This is the same as the beauty of nature.
Only in different directions, the beauty of nature naturally endows people. Artistic beauty is endowed by human beings to nature.
B. Invisible and magnificent beauty
Note: Kant divides magnificence into mathematical magnificence and mechanical magnificence.
The author believes that, in addition, the following situations are also magnificent beauty:
Unity with everything, with the father, with the secret, with the hero in the play? .
We use magnificence to define T2 of Yin and Yang studies.
Kant's philosophical framework analysis proposition is that the subject contains the predicate; A comprehensive proposition is a proposition whose subject contains no predicate.
Analytical propositions are all transcendental propositions; Comprehensive propositions are mostly posterior propositions; But there is a transcendental comprehensive proposition that demonstrates the possibility of mathematics.
Kant believes that this can be deduced to the field of metaphysics, that is, there is such a harmonious concept in the world of things themselves and phenomena: he calls it pure reason.
Analogy is practical reason in practice.
Analogy is very important in aesthetics.