Comenius (1592- 1670) was an outstanding Czech educator in the 7th century and a pioneer of modern bourgeois educational thought. His main works are Parenting School, Introduction to Linguistics, Theory of Great Teaching, Introduction to Physics, Overture to Cosmic Wisdom, etc.
Among them, The Theory of Great Teaching is the representative work of Comenius' educational thought, and it is a valuable wealth of educational theory left by him to mankind, which has been valued by educators in past dynasties.
Comenius
Comenius' Main Educational Thought
The concept of "universal education" holds that the basic function of school education should be to give people extensive knowledge education. Education should teach all mankind everything. Education adapts to nature and the concept of "universal education". Comenius discussed the school education system and the idea of universal education. It is believed that the best time for people to receive education is from birth to adulthood (0-24 years old). According to the order of human development, he divided this period into four sections, each lasting six years, and set up corresponding schools respectively.
Illustrated World is the first illustrated educational book for children in the history of western education. He is the first person to elaborate the class teaching system and related academic year system, school day system, examination and assessment system in theory.
Comenius brought preschool education into the education system and advocated universal implementation in the family, which attracted educators' attention to preschool education.
John Locke
John Locke (1632- 1704) was a famous British philosopher, political thinker and important educational thinker in the 7th century. His main works are: On Government, On Human Understanding, Random Talk on Education, etc.
John Locke
Locke's educational thought is that of a gentleman.
Locke put forward sports, moral education and intellectual education from the aspects of human body, spirit and intelligence.
The Influence of Locke s Educational Thought on Preschool Education;
1, advocating inducing children to learn and avoiding students' weariness of learning.
2. Advocate that children's curiosity should be encouraged and cultivated. Suggestion: First, no matter what questions the child asks, you must not stop him, humiliate him or make him laugh. Second, adopt some special praise methods. Third, don't ignore children's questions, and pay special attention to prevent children from getting wrong answers.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Jean Jacques Russo (17 12 June 28th ~ 1778 July 2nd) was a great French enlightenment thinker, philosopher, educator and writer in the 8th century. Main representative works: Amir
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau's naturalistic education view has profoundly influenced modern education theory.
It is suggested to reduce the importance of written knowledge, put children's emotional education before rational education, and especially emphasize learning through personal experience. He described nature as spontaneity in the process of establishing his own personality and personal world. Therefore, nature means inner state, complete personality and spiritual freedom. In contrast, society is imprisoned and enslaved under the guise of civilization. Therefore, returning to nature is to restore the power of this natural process and get rid of all kinds of external oppression and civilized prejudice.
Johann Heinrich Pesterozzi
Pestalozzi (1746 ~ 1827), a Swiss bourgeois democratic educator, founded the education theory of love and the theory of factor education, and is a representative figure of factor education thought. His major works include: Lynhard and Germad, How Godud Educates Her Children, Song of the Swan, etc.
Johann Heinrich Pesterozzi
Pestaloch's educational thought;
Psychological education:
It really puts forward the concept of psychological education, helps and stimulates children's natural abilities in an organized way, and makes all kinds of internal abilities develop harmoniously.
Factor education:
The core of Pestalozzi's teaching theory system is his factor education theory. Factor teaching method, education should start with simple factors and gradually shift to complex factors.
Pestalozzi's thought of factor education is the result of his long-term educational practice. On this basis, the teaching methods of primary education have made great contributions to the development and popularization of primary education.
Pestalozzi attached great importance to children's education, and brought family education into the education system, emphasizing the importance of family education and its role in children's education.
Herbart
Herbart (1776- 184 1) is a German educator, philosopher, psychologist and a representative figure of subjectivist educational thought. His main works are: General Pedagogy and Pedagogy Syllabus. General Pedagogy is recognized as the first pedagogic work with a scientific system. He was the first educator to put forward the principles of teaching and education.
Herbart
Main idea
1. Educational principle of teaching: I think there is no education without teaching. On the contrary, I don't recognize any teaching without education, and emphasize the combination of moral education and intellectual education.
2. Theoretical basis: Advocating ethics and psychology as the theoretical basis of pedagogy.
3. Three centers: Herbart put special emphasis on the status of teachers and put forward "teacher center, teaching material center and classroom center".
4. Teaching process: Four-stage theory-"clear, association, system and method" was put forward, which was later revised into five-stage teaching method by his student Ziller. Herbart's four-stage teaching marks the formation of teaching process theory.
5. Educational purpose: The viewpoint that teaching is to "cultivate good citizens" belongs to the social standard theory.
Herbart's Influence on Preschool Education
This paper discusses the education of children aged 0-8. He discussed it in two stages: 0 ~ 3 years old is a stage; 4 ~ 8 years old is a stage.
0 ~ 3 years old: Advocating intellectual education activities for children before the age of 3, mainly focusing on sensory education and language teaching.
4 ~ 8 years old: emphasize moral education and intellectual education. In moral education, get rid of bad habits and give freedom; In terms of intellectual education, it advocates enlightenment teaching, including mathematics, thinking, reading and art teaching.
Floppel
Froebel (1782-1852) is a famous German educator in the 9th century, the founder of modern preschool education theory and the father of preschool education. The main masterpiece "Human Education".
Friedrich William wrobel
Froebel's educational thought;
1, thinking that children are born with various abilities, and the development of children's natural abilities has its inherent laws; The purpose of education is to develop children's talents;
2. All education should follow the laws of nature, not only to adapt to children's inherent development laws, but also to consider the natural environment in which children grow up.
Children's education should receive different education according to different periods.
Froebel attached importance to early childhood education and made great contributions to the development of early childhood education in theory and practice.
1, the significance of preschool education: the object of preschool education is children in early childhood.
2. Importance of family education: Family plays an important role in early childhood education, because at this time, children's education is completely entrusted to parents and families.
3. The content of preschool education is games.
Froebel's educational thought and practice have had a far-reaching impact on the development of preschool education in all countries of the world. Froebel believes that games are children's inner instinct, especially their activity instinct, so the education of children should not be bound, suppressed or encouraged, but should conform to their nature and meet their instinctive needs.
According to the above point of view, Froebel thinks that games and crafts should be the most important activities in early childhood, and the imparting of knowledge is only an additional part, interspersed among them. Kindergarten classes only need spoken English, not words. The most important responsibility of teachers is to correctly guide and design all kinds of game activities.
Froebel attaches great importance to the preparation of handmade materials and teaching AIDS, including famous gifts. He also attached importance to the setting of the environment and advocated that kindergartens must set up flower beds, vegetable gardens and orchards. 1837, Froebel founded a children's institution in Brandenburg, 1840 changed its name to kindergarten.
Montessori's educational thought
Montessori (1870- 1952) is a famous Italian child educator, an outstanding early childhood education thinker, early childhood education reformer and early childhood education practitioner in the history of world education. His main works are: The Montessori Method, The Secret of Childhood, Absorption Psychology, etc.
Montessori education law
Montessori's educational thought;
1, on children's freedom
Montessori's so-called "freedom" refers to the freedom to liberate people from the obstacles that hinder their harmonious development of body and mind. Children's education, whether physical or intellectual, must be based on children's freedom.
2. Talking about the relationship between teachers and students
Montessori proposed to establish a new relationship between teachers and students. She believes that in educational activities, children are the subject and the center, and teachers are the observers and guides of children's activities. The role of teachers is mainly to stimulate children's vitality, so that children can cultivate and develop their personality in free and spontaneous activities and become independent people.
Educators must "limit their own interference to the maximum extent, and at the same time, in children's self-education, they should not be tired because of excessive efforts."
Her education law is based on her belief in children's creative potential, their learning motivation and their rights as individuals. Montessori believes that there are too many educators who interfere with children's freedom movement, everything is mandatory, and punishment has become synonymous with education. She stressed that educators must believe in the inner and potential strength of children and provide them with a suitable environment for free activities.
Dewey
Dewey (1859~ 1952) is a famous American pragmatic philosopher and educator. It is also a representative figure of pragmatic educational thought. Main representative works: democracy and education.
Dewey
Dewey s educational thought;
This paper puts forward some educational ideas, such as taking children as the center, learning by doing, school being society, education being growth, education being life, and education being experience transformation.
Based on the understanding of the essence of education, Dewey believes that education is only a process, and education has no other purpose except the process itself. He pointed out that the educational process determined by children's instinct, interests and needs is the purpose of education, not the purpose other than the process imposed by external society and people.
He regards the process and purpose of education as exactly the same thing. If other purposes are set outside the process, then the educational process will lose its meaning. At the same time, on the basis of strongly criticizing the knowledge-centered teaching materials and subject-centered courses in traditional education, he proposed that teaching materials should be organized by children's direct experience and courses should be centered on children's activities.
Based on the principle of "learning by doing", Dewey believes that the most fundamental requirement of teaching methods is teaching in activities. Application activities closely link teaching methods with teaching materials, pointing out that children's direct experience activities should be both teaching methods and teaching materials, and advocating that children get personal direct experience through direct and active activities.
Jean Piaget
Jean piaget (1896-1980), a Swiss, is the most famous child psychologist in modern times. Main Representative Works: Introduction to genetic epistemology, Biology and Cognition.
Jean Piaget
He divided children's cognitive development into the following four stages:
1. perceptual operation stage (sensory-motor stage, 0-2 years old)
Preoperative stage (preoperative thinking stage, 2-7 years old)
3. Specific operation stage (specific operation thinking period, 7- 1 1 year)
4. Formal operation stage (thinking stage of formal operation, starting from 1 1 year).
He believes that the essence of intelligence is adaptation, "wisdom is adaptation" and "adaptation is the highest form". He expounded his adaptation theory and constructivism with four basic concepts: schema, assimilation, adaptation and balance. Piaget believes that psychology does not come from innate maturity, nor from acquired experience, but from action. That is, action is the source of knowledge and the intermediary of the interaction between subject and object. The earliest action is a natural unconditional reflex.
As soon as a child is born, he responds to external stimuli with a variety of unconditional reflexes, signals his own needs, and interacts with the surrounding environment. Various activities and psychological operations developed subsequently play an intermediary role in the interaction between the subject and the environment in children's psychological development.
He will affect the children's minds.