Summary of Chinese knowledge points in the second day of junior high school.
first part
Two language types: spoken and written. Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.
There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.
Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere. Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.
Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.
the second part
Three emotional colors: positive, negative and neutral.
The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/climax/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).
Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.
the third part
Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.
Four argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation and contrast argumentation.
Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.
The plot of the novel consists of four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Four narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback, insertion and supplementary narrative.
Four uses of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation; (3) express a specific title; 4 emphasize or highlight.
part four
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.
The fifth part
Six interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification and definition.
Six logical orders: ① Total score ② Phenomenon essence ③ Causality ④ Conclusion ⑤ Specific part ⑤ Whole ⑤ Primary and secondary.
Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.
Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).
Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.
Six common writing skills: symbol, contrast, setting off (paving the way), caring (echoing), direct (indirect) description, promotion and inhibition.
Part VI
Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.
Seven types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; ⑤ Causal complex sentences; ⑥ Hypothetical complex sentences.
Part VII
Eight common rhetorical methods:
(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language. 2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.
3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling. 4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.
⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat. ⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.
⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking. ⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.
Part VIII
First, master the explanation method. What explanation methods are used? What's the role?
Mode: Method+Effect+Features
? Explain the characteristics of (the object of explanation) by means of explanation. ?
1 classification: explain separately to make it clear.
2 Citation: Citation highlights both persuasiveness and interest.
3 analogy: vivid image, indicating that the article is more interesting.
Interpretation: further explanation, so that readers have a further understanding.
5 examples: explain the characteristics of the explanation in detail to make the explanation more specific and convincing.
6 Definition: It accurately and concisely reveals the essential characteristics of "the" and makes the explanation more rigorous.
Compare: To compare and highlight the characteristics of.
Eight columns of figures: explain with specific data to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.
9. List the chart: explain the characteristics in detail to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.
10. Imitation: Vividly illustrates vividness.
Second, realize explanatory language.
Can modified and restrictive words (such as basic, approximate, comparative, general, few, most, more, maybe, often, then, most, major, almost) be deleted or replaced? Why?
Language accuracy class answer method:
1. What's so good about words?
★ Answer method: Illustrate the characteristics of things vividly (accurately) with words, which can stimulate readers' interest (in line with the actual situation, scientific).
2. Can the words added in the article be deleted? This topic is divided into four steps:
A: Judging, generally speaking, it cannot be deleted.
B: Explain the meaning of this word in this sentence and limit it in degree, state, nature and scope.
C comparison: it is to compare the difference between deleting and not deleting this word, and it must be analyzed in combination with specific sentences. Not in line with reality, original intention, etc.
There must be a sentence at the end of d: this reflects the rigor, accuracy and scientificity of the interpretation language.
★ Answer method: cannot be deleted. Because the word means that after deletion, the meaning of the sentence becomes? This is inconsistent with the meaning of the text. It embodies the rigor, accuracy and scientificity of the explanation language.
Combined with the content of the article, give examples, make suggestions, express opinions or imagine the future.
1, common writing methods and expression skills
Association, imagination, symbolism (expressing meaning through objects), comparison, contrast, contrast, seeing the big from the small, expressing emotion through scenery (blending scenes), paving the way and foreshadowing, taking care of before and after (echoing), describing directly (indirectly), promoting and restraining (promoting first and then restraining).
(1) Symbol: Lyrics are expressed by chanting things, and the author's feelings are often expressed tactfully with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects.
Function: First of all, it shows abstract things as concrete and perceptible images. Secondly, you can make the article more subtle and give it profound meaning with what is in front of you.
(2) Set off: Set off the body from the front and back. Function: Highlight the characteristics of ontology.
(3) Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.
Function: clearly highlight the characteristics of the main thing or the main aspect of the thing.
(4) Lyricism through scenery: express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.
Function: Blend the scenes to make the article poetic.
(5) First suppress and then promote: first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and inner meaning of things, and then affirm and praise things. Function: Highlight the characteristics of things (people).
(6) Side (indirect) description: The side highlights the character, conduct and skills of the characters, making the structure of the article more concentrated and compact, and the expression more concise and concise.
The combination of direct description and indirect description can make the characteristics of the characters or scenery described more distinct and prominent.
(7) bedding: function: the content is both before and after, and the plot is seamless.
(8) Care: Narrative: Make the article seamless, with a strong sense of integrity and highlight the theme.
Argumentative essay: strengthen the argument. Prose: Expressing emotions repeatedly, increasing the depth of emotions.
(9) Lenovo: the psychological process of thinking of another thing from one thing.
Function: enrich the content of the article, make the characters fuller, the personality more distinct and prominent, and the plot more vivid and touching.
(10) Imagination: the psychological process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image.
Function: Serve for shaping image and expressing theme. Make readers accept the influence of beauty.
Summary of Mathematics Knowledge Points in Junior Two
Chapter 1 Pythagorean Theorem
1, Pythagorean theorem
2. Inverse theorem of Pythagorean theorem
A triangle is a right triangle if its three sides A, B and C are related to a2+b2=c2.
4. Solve the problem of the shortest distance between two points on the three-dimensional map.
(1) Develop 3D graphics into planar graphics.
(2)? The shortest line segment between two points? Determine the shortest route
(3) Finally, a right triangle is constructed with the shortest path as the edge and solved by Pythagorean theorem.
Example: ants eat bread on the surface of a cylinder: the square of the height of the cylinder+the square of the half circumference of the ground = the square of the shortest distance.
6. The height of the hypotenuse of a right triangle = the product of two right angles/hypotenuse.
Chapter II Real Numbers
1, classification of real numbers
2, irrational number:
(1) infinite acyclic decimal;
(2) countless prescriptions, such as.
(3)? Or is it simplified to include? , (4) there are (4) numbers with specific structures, such as 0.101001?
(5) Some trigonometric function values, such as sin60o, etc.
3. Square root property: a positive number has two square roots, and the two square roots are in opposite directions; The square root of zero is zero; Negative numbers have no square root.
Cubic root property: positive numbers have positive cubic roots; Negative numbers have negative cubic roots; The cube root of zero is zero.
4. The meaningful condition under the quadratic root sign: the root sign is not negative, that is? 0
7. Comparison of real numbers
2. Several common methods of comparing real numbers.
(1) axis comparison: (2) difference comparison: let a and b be real numbers,
(2) The quotient comparison method assumes that A and B are two positive real numbers,
(3) Absolute comparison method: Let A and B be two negative real numbers, then
(4) Flat method: Let A and B be two negative real numbers, then
8, arithmetic square root correlation calculation (quadratic root)
1, including quadratic root sign; The root sign a must be non-negative.
2. Nature:
Position and coordinates
1, the coordinate characteristics of the midpoint of each quadrant.
2. Coordinate characteristics of points on a straight line parallel to the coordinate axis
The ordinate of each point on the straight line parallel to the X axis is the same.
The abscissa of each point on the straight line parallel to the Y axis is the same.
3. Coordinate characteristics of points symmetrical about the X-axis, Y-axis or origin.
Axis symmetry about x, that is, the symmetry point of point P(x, y) about x axis is p? (x，-y)
Axis symmetry about y, that is, the symmetry point of point P(x, y) about y axis is p? (-x，y)
To sum up, regarding which axis is symmetrical, which coordinates are unchanged and other coordinates are opposite.
Point p and point p? Is the symmetry point P(x, y) about the origin p? (-x，-y)
4. Distance from point P(x, y) to coordinate axis and origin:
(1) The distance from the point P(x, y) to the X axis is equal to
(2) The distance from the point P(x, y) to the Y axis is equal to
(3) The distance from point P(x, y) to the origin is equal to
Chapter III Linear Functions
4. Proportional function and linear function
(1) linear function y=kx+b(k, b is a constant, k? 0),
The form of the proportional function y=kx (k is a constant, k? 0) The proportional function is a special linear function.
(2), linear function, proportional function of the main features of the image:
The image with linear function y=kx+b is a straight line passing through point (0, b); The image with the proportional function y=kx is a straight line passing through the origin (0,0).
5. Properties of linear function and proportional function.
1) when k >; 0, the first and third quadrants of the graph.
2) when k
B represents the ordinate intersecting the y axis.
When b>0 passes through the positive semi-axis of Y axis B in a straight line.
6. The coordinate of the intersection of the linear function and the Y axis is (0, b); The coordinates of the intersection of the linear function and the X axis, that is, (? b/k，0)
9. The straight line y=2x is translated up by three units to get y=2x+3 and down by three units to get y=2x-3.
3 the relationship between linear function and binary linear equation (group):
The relationship between (1) linear function and binary linear equation;
The coordinate y=kx+b of any point on a straight line is the solution of its corresponding binary linear equation kx- y+b=0.
4. the single digit is x, the ten digit is y, and the two digit is10y+x.
data analysis
1. Quantities describing the degree of data dispersion: range, variance and standard deviation. The smaller they are, the more stable the data is.
Chapter IV Proof of Parallel Lines
1. axiom of parallel judgment: the same angle is equal and two straight lines are parallel. (thus, the parallel judgment theorem is obtained)
2. Parallel judgment theorem: the same side is complementary internally, and the two straight lines are parallel.
3. Parallel judgment theorem: the same angle is equal and two straight lines are parallel.
1: one outer angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of two inner angles that are not adjacent to it;
Summary of English knowledge points in senior two.
on / in the street
Show? On the street? Both On the street and in the street can be used, while on the street is used more in the United States and Britain.
We have a house in the street. We have a house in the street.
I met him in the street. I met him in the street.
Want/like
Would like and like have different meanings. What do you mean like it? Do you like it? ,? Hobbies? And want means? Want it? .
Try to compare:
I like beer = me? I like beer. I like drinking beer.
Me? I want a glass of beer. I want a glass of beer.
Do you like going to the movies? Do you like watching movies?
Do you want to go to the movies tonight? Do you want to go to the movies tonight?
another
(1)another is usually used for three or more or an indefinite number of anyone or things.
May I have another apple? Please give me another apple.
This coat is too small for me. Please show me another coat. Please show me another coat.
The other party usually refers to the other of the two.
He has two rulers. One is short. The other one is long. He has two rulers, one is short and the other is long.
I have two brothers. One works in Xi? I have two brothers. One works in Xi and the other works in Beijing.
Have to/have to
(1) both hadto and must can be used to talk about obligations, but the usage is slightly different. If someone subjectively feels that they must do it and want to go, they often use must. If you talk about people from. Outside? Have to, often have to.
I must give up smoking. I must give up smoking. (I want to quit smoking)
They must work for the boss.
They must work for the boss. Conditions compel them to work.
(2)have to can be used in many tenses, and must can only be used in the simple present tense.
For example: me? I must get up early tomorrow morning. I must get up early tomorrow morning.
In order to earn more money, we have to work long hours every day. In order to earn more money, we have to work long hours every day.
(3) when used in negative sentences, mustave? What does t mean? Never? ,? Forbidden? Where's don? What does t must mean? No need? , equivalent to don't need it? t .
For example: do you have to? Don't be late next time. You must never be late again next time.
Don't you know? I must go there today. You can go there tomorrow. You needn't go there today. You can go tomorrow.
Hear/listen
Listen and listen? Listen. But the meaning is different. Listen nervous? Listen. Action, hear the emphasis? Listen. Result.
For example: please listen to me! Me? I want to tell you a story. Please listen to me! Let me tell you a story.
Listen! Can you hear someone crying next door? Listen! Can you hear someone crying next door?
If "hear" is followed by an object clause, it often means? Do you hear me? .
I heard that some foreign students will visit our school. I heard that some foreign students will visit our school.
I heard that there will be a movie in our school tonight. I heard that there will be a movie in our school tonight.
faraway place
(1) Far away is an adverb phrase, which means? Is it far? .
For example, some are far away. Some of them are nearby. Some are far away, some are close.
This village is far from here. That village is far from here.
(2) Distant is an adjective, which means? Is it far? You can be an attribute in a sentence.
He lives in a remote mountain village. He lives in a remote mountain village.
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