Summary of History Knowledge Points in Senior Two 1
1, in general:
Gunpowder, compass, papermaking and movable type printing are the most representative scientific and technological achievements in ancient China.
2. The emergence and spread of the four great inventions:
(1) papermaking. In the early Western Han Dynasty, China already had paper. Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved papermaking, which was called Cai Hou Paper. The invention and improvement of papermaking is a great revolution in writing materials.
(2) printing. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, block printing appeared in China. Song dynasty is the golden age of block printing, and people have used color overprinting technology. Bi Sheng, a commoner in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing with cement.
(3) gunpowder. At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. The earliest gunpowder weapons were muskets, rockets and artillery. In order to resist the attacks of Liao, Xixia and Jin, gunpowder was widely used in Song Dynasty.
(4) compass. The earliest guider in the world was invented by China during the Warring States Period. Later, people used the characteristics of magnetic conductivity to make a compass. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass was used for navigation.
(5) communication
A papermaking technique was introduced into Europe by Arabs, which promoted the development of European culture.
The introduction of gunpowder into Europe promoted the development of gunpowder weapons in Europe and accelerated the decline of feudal system in Europe.
C. The use of the compass promoted ocean navigation and opened the era of great geographical discovery.
D Europeans also borrowed from China's printing technology and built their own movable type printing machines, which promoted the Renaissance and religious reform, and promoted ideological emancipation and social progress.
Second, "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" and abacus calculation
1, Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which adopted the most advanced decimal notation in the world at that time and was the most advanced applied mathematics work in the world at that time. It marks the formation of a complete mathematical system centered on calculation in ancient China.
2. abacus
Pearl algorithm composes smoothly, with decimal notation, and the operation is flying. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the application of abacus was popularized and developed. By the Ming Dynasty, the bead algorithm had spread to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and even other parts of the world.
Three, stone catalog and armillary sphere
1, China is one of the earliest countries in the development of astronomy.
2. The astronomical observation records in ancient China are recognized as the oldest and most systematic in the world.
3. Compiled the earliest catalog in the world.
4. The stone catalog is the oldest existing catalog in the world, which holds the equatorial coordinate data of more than 100 stars, and has important reference value for astronomical research.
In order to better observe the astronomical phenomena, many advanced astronomical observation instruments were created in ancient China, such as armillary sphere and simple instruments.
Fourth, Chronological Calendar and Four Agricultural Books.
1, China Xia Dynasty had a calendar called "Xia Zhengxiao", which was improved to lunar calendar in Shang Dynasty.
2. The Calendar of Timing compiled by Guo Shoujing in Yuan Dynasty is an ancient calendar in China.
3. Four agricultural books.
(1) the imperial edict of Xi in the Western Han Dynasty;
(2) The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty;
(3) Wang Zhen's agricultural books in Yuan Dynasty;
(4) The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration by Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty;
(5) Features: It is one of the four outstanding agricultural books in ancient China. The Book of Qi Yao Min is the earliest, the most complete and the most systematic ancient agricultural scientific work in China.
Five, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Compendium of Materia Medica
1. Huangdi Neijing compiled by the Western Han Dynasty is the foundation stone of Chinese medicine.
2. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing's monograph Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Creatively put forward the method of syndrome differentiation and treatment, laid the theoretical foundation of clinical science of traditional Chinese medicine in later generations, and was praised as a treasure book by later doctors.
3. Li Shizhen's magnum opus Compendium of Materia Medica has made outstanding contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. It is a systematic summary of traditional Chinese medicine before16th century. Known as the encyclopedia of oriental medicine.
Summary of history knowledge points in senior two II.
First, the rise of modern national industries.
1. Changes in China's economic structure after the Opium War: Before the Opium War, the natural economy characterized by self-sufficiency was dominant. After the Opium War, the natural economy began to collapse, which laid the foundation for the emergence of Chinese national capitalism.
2. The sign that the natural economy began to disintegrate: the decline of China's handmade cotton textile industry after the Opium War.
3. The rise of modern national industries in China.
① Background: The invasion of foreign capitalism disintegrated the natural economy of China and provided the commodity market and labor market for the emergence of Chinese national capitalism.
② Time: 65438+ around 1970s.
③ Location: Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin and other southeast coastal areas.
④ Representative enterprises: Changfa Machine Factory founded by Fang Juzan in Shanghai and Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory founded by Chen Qiyuan in Nanhai, Guangdong.
⑤ Features: ① Less funds and small scale; ② Weak technical force; ③ Uneven distribution of industries and regions.
4. Initial development of national industry: from the end of 65438 to the beginning of the 20th century (after the Sino-Japanese War).
① Reasons: The Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories (solving the financial crisis and expanding tax sources); The upsurge of saving the country by industry
② Industrialists: Zhang Jian (founded a cotton mill in Nantong, Jiangsu), Rong, Rong Desheng and Zhou.
Second, the golden age of the development of the Republic of China (1912-19, early years of the Republic of China)
1. Reason: ① During World War I, European powers temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China.
(2) The Revolution of 1911 ended the feudal autocratic rule and cleared some obstacles for the development of national industries.
The establishment of the Republic of China has improved the political status and enthusiasm of the national bourgeoisie.
The government of the Republic of China encourages industrial development,
⑤ The influence of the mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement.
2. Performance: The textile industry, flour industry and other light industries have the fastest development (textile industry is the first, flour industry is the second).
3. Factors affecting the development of modern national industries.
(1) Obstacle: Semi-colonial and semi-feudal social environment (oppression and restraint of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism are the main factors that hinder the development of modern national industries)
(2) Driving factors:
The invasion of foreign capitalism has not only brought profound disasters to the Chinese nation, but also decomposed China's self-sufficient natural economy.
(2) Due to the influence of the trend of the times and the need to consolidate the rule, successive governments from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China encouraged the establishment of industries.
(3) to publicize the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the masses, especially to boycott foreign goods and publicize domestic products.
(4) Industrialists' thought of saving the country through industry.
Summary of historical knowledge points in senior two 3
1. Anti-French Alliance
(1)1In the spring of 793, Britain reconciled Prussia, Austria, Italy, Spain and other countries, formed the first anti-French alliance under the pretext of France's execution of Louis XVI, and intervened in the French Revolution. 1898, Britain organized the second anti-French alliance. During the Napoleonic Empire, Britain, Russia, Austria and other countries organized the third to seventh anti-French alliances and wars against France.
(2) In the early stage of the war against France, the anti-French alliance mainly intervened in the French Revolution to maintain the order of French feudal rule. In the later period, the war not only intervened in the French Revolution to maintain the feudal ruling order in Europe, but also involved Britain, Russia and other European countries in the war with France for European hegemony.
2. "Holy Alliance" and "Four-nation Alliance"
(1) Organizational evolution and mission:1865438+In the autumn of 2005, Tsar Alexander I proposed that Russia, Poland and Austria establish a "holy alliance". Its purpose is to unite the feudal monarchs of European countries, suppress the revolution, and maintain the Vienna system in order to-. Subsequently, a four-nation alliance (including Britain, Russia, Poland and Austria) was established, determined to carry out the mission of the holy alliance by force.
(2) Main activities: ① From1820 to 1823, an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution broke out in Spain, and holy alliance authorized France to send troops to suppress the revolution. (2) 1820, the Italian bourgeois revolution broke out. 182 1 year, holy alliance decided to send troops to suppress the revolution. (3) 1823, Russia instigated France to send troops to Latin America in the name of holy alliance to suppress the war of independence of western colonies. Because the United States issued the Monroe Declaration, the intervention plan failed to be implemented.
(3) Disintegration: Under the impact of the Greek and Belgian independence movements, there was a conflict of interest within the alliance, and the alliance began to disintegrate.
(4) Nature: it is a feudal and reactionary political and military alliance to safeguard the Vienna system and suppress the people's revolutionary movement.
3. League of Nations
(1) put forward: American President Wilson put forward the proposal of establishing an international alliance in the "fourteen-point principle".
(2) Establishment: The Paris Peace Conference decided to establish the League of Nations, and the Covenant of the League of Nations was written into the Treaty of Versailles. 1920 65438+ 10 month, founded in Geneva, controlled by Britain and France.
(3) Purpose: to maintain peace and sanction aggression.
(4) Essence: a tool for maintaining the Versailles system.
(5) Main activities: adopt the policy of conniving at Japanese invasion of northeast China, Italian invasion of Ethiopia and German-Italian invasion of Spain.
(6) Disintegration: During World War II, the League of Nations existed in name only. 1946, after the founding of the United Nations, the League of Nations was dissolved.
4. Fascist alliance
(1) Formation: ① Germany and Italy secretly signed the German-Italian Protocol (1936), forming the "Berlin-Rome Axis". (2) Germany and Japan signed the "-",and one year later Italy joined, and the axis of Germany, Italy and Japan was formally formed. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/940, Germany formally formed a military aggression alliance with Japan and Italy.
(2) Activity: 1937 Launching a full-scale war of aggression against China. 1938 Germany annexed Austria. Germany annexed the Czech Republic. 1939 Germany raided Poland. 1June 940 France surrendered. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/940, the Germans stormed Britain. 194 1 year, the Germans attacked the Soviet Union. At the same time, Italian and German troops attacked North Africa. 194 1 year, 65438+February, Japan launched the Pacific War, and World War II reached its scale.
5. World Anti-Fascist Alliance
(1) Established: 194 1 In the autumn of, Roosevelt met with Churchill and published the Atlantic Charter, proposing to respect the territorial and sovereign integrity of all countries, advocate freedom and peace, and oppose aggression. At the same time, the United States and Britain strengthened their assistance to the Soviet Union. At the beginning of 1942, representatives from 26 countries including China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union signed the United Nations Declaration in Washington, USA, and the anti-fascist alliance was formally established.
(2) Main activities: political cooperation (four meetings during World War II), economic support and military cooperation.
(3) Significance: It has strengthened the strength of anti-fascist countries, inspired the anti-fascist struggle of the people of the world and accelerated the victory of the world anti-fascist war.
6. United Nations
(1) Established:1In the spring of 945, representatives from 50 countries including China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union met in San Francisco to plan the establishment of the United Nations. On June+10, 5438, the Charter of the United Nations came into effect and the United Nations was founded. Headquartered in new york.
(2) Principal organs: the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council (the Security Council is the only organ in the United Nations that has the right to take action to maintain international peace and security).
(3) Permanent members: China, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France?
Purpose: To maintain international peace and security, develop equal and friendly relations between countries, promote international cooperation and coordinate the actions of all countries.
(5) Principles: The Charter of the United Nations stipulates the principles that all Member States must abide by, such as sovereign equality, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs and peaceful coexistence.
(6) Role: In the early days, the United Nations was actually manipulated by the United States. Later, it became a stage for justice in third world countries.
7. European isomorphism
(1) reason: in the process of economic development, western European countries feel that in order to ensure their own security, improve their international status and accelerate the pace of economic development, they must maintain close ties and speed up cooperation.
(2) Establishment: 1967 "European Union" was established, which was formed by the merger of three institutions: European Coal and Steel Joint Venture, European Economic Union and European Atomic Energy Joint Venture.
(3) Major countries: At first, there were only six countries: France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Later, some western European countries joined in. By 1986, Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain and Portugal have joined the EU.
(4) Main objective: strive to gradually realize the free exchange of goods, personnel, services and capital among member countries, and further promote economic development.
(5) Essence: the combination of state monopoly capital.
(7) Impact:
(1) The political and economic ties between western European countries are increasingly strengthened, the political situation is increasingly stable, and the international status is constantly improving, playing an increasingly important role.
(2) American control over Western Europe weakened, and the master-slave relationship between the United States and Western Europe changed and gradually developed into an equal partnership, which made American world hegemony begin to be challenged and shaken.
8. The Group of 77 is an international economic organization established by the third world in the 1960s. By the 1980s, its membership had increased to over 65,438+065,438+00. This organization mainly achieves the goal of establishing a new international economic order through negotiations with developed countries at the United Nations.
9. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries-1960, an international economic organization initiated by Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Venezuela. From 65438 to 0973, during the Fourth Middle East War, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries used oil as a weapon to impose sanctions on western countries that supported Israel, which triggered the first oil crisis and plunged the western economy into serious chaos.
10. NATO and Warsaw Pact-1949. Representatives from the United States, Canada, Britain and France 12 countries gathered in Washington to sign the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and establish it. The establishment of "NATO" and later "Warsaw Pact" marked the formation of confrontation between the two major military and political groups headed by the United States and the Soviet Union.
Summary of History Knowledge Points in Senior Two 4
First, Li Zhi's deviant
1, the social background of Li Zhi's deviant thought;
(1) The internal contradictions in China are unprecedented.
(2) Jiangnan businessmen have become a force that cannot be ignored in society.
(3) Social bureaucrats are corrupt, and only Nuo Nuo is in power.
(4) Li Zhi witnessed the filth of officialdom and the hypocrisy of Taoism, and was unwilling to go along with it, thus forming an unruly character.
2. Li Zhi's ideological proposition: It is pointed out that Confucius is not a natural saint, and Confucian classics are not sacred and inviolable. He believes that the standard of right and wrong changes with the times, and opposes taking Confucius' view of right and wrong as the standard. He criticized the wrong preaching of Taoism that "Heaven should be preserved and man's desire should be destroyed" and emphasized man's just selfish desires.
Second, three progressive thinkers in Ming and Qing Dynasties
1, Huang Zongxi's thinking:
(1) lashed out at absolute monarchy, sharply revealing the great harm of absolute monarchy to the world.
(2) Put forward the democratic idea of "the world is the mainstay and the monarch is the guest".
(3) Influence: Huang Zongxi's political opinions attacked the feudal autocratic monarchy system, which was of great significance and played a positive role in promoting the anti-authoritarian struggle in the future.
2. Gu advocates practical application:
(1) advocates going out of the house, seeking truth in practice, and trying to solve practical problems of the national economy and people's livelihood.
(2) Writing the Book of Diseases in Countries and Counties of the World. The secretary described the feelings of mountains and rivers, the customs of products and the advantages and disadvantages of people's livelihood, which has high practical value.
(3) Influence: Gu created a generation of simple learning style with his pragmatic style of study and persistent academic practice.
3. Wang Fuzhi's materialism.
(1) ideological source: He inherited and developed the materialistic thoughts of his predecessors.
(2) Ideological proposition: Wang Fuzhi believes that the world is material and everything is an objective entity; In epistemology, he believes that subjective knowledge is caused by objective objects, and everything can be known through investigation and research. He also believes that stillness is relative and motion is absolute, which has simple dialectical thought.
(3) Influence: Wang Fuzhi's materialism has inspired people's thinking methods since modern times, which is of epoch-making significance.
4. The positive significance of progressive thinkers' thoughts:
Three progressive thinkers, Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, critically inherited traditional Confucianism, revived Chinese traditional culture and had a great influence on later generations.
Summary of historical knowledge points in senior two 5
First, the arrival of the rational era.
1, reason:
(1) The driving force of the Renaissance.
(2) Significant progress has been made in natural science.
(3) With the development of capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie is increasingly eager to get rid of feudal autocratic rule and church oppression.
2. Representative figures: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and many other enlightenment thinkers.
3. Ideas:
(1) Enlightenment thinkers were not satisfied with respect for human nature, but demanded human liberation, which further developed humanism.
(2) They deny everything outside and think that the standard of judging right or wrong is only the "rationality" of people themselves. "Reason" is the core of the Enlightenment.
4. Impact:
Enlightenment thinkers called for rational sunshine to dispel the darkness of reality and strive to build a beautiful era of democracy and science. In vivid words, they lashed out at the harmony and superstition of the Catholic Church, opposed autocracy and ignorance, advocated science, freedom and peace, and promoted ideological emancipation through dramas, novels and other forms.
Second, the French Enlightenment thinkers
1, French Enlightenment leader Voltaire.
2. Ideas:
(1) lashed out at the Catholic Church, calling the Pope a "biped" and calling on the people to crush the evil forces of the Church.
(2) Oppose absolute monarchy and advocate constitutional monarchy;
(3) He advocates "natural human rights" and believes that people are born equal and free.
(4) He believes that the law should be based on human nature, and everyone is equal before the law.
3. Montesquieu:
(1) opposes absolute monarchy and puts forward the theory of "separation of powers".
(2) Influence: Montesquieu denied the rationality of feudal autocracy and laid the theoretical foundation of bourgeois state and law. His masterpiece is On the Spirit of Law.
4. Rousseau:
(1) is the author of On Social Contract, which expounds the ideas of "natural human rights" and "people's sovereignty".
(2) He believes that the sovereignty of the country belongs to the people, and the power of the ruler comes from the contract he signed with the people. If he goes against the public opinion, the people have the right to condemn him.
(3) Rousseau also believes that the root of human inequality is private property ownership.
Third, the expansion of the Enlightenment.
1, Kant: German philosopher, who wrote works such as Critique of Pure Reason and made a classic summary of the Enlightenment.
2. Evaluation: The Enlightenment is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement, which further emancipated people's minds, impacted the feudal autocratic system in Europe and spread the idea of freedom and equality. The influence of the Enlightenment went far beyond Europe and greatly inspired the struggle of colonial and semi-colonial people for national independence. Enlightenment has become a spiritual weapon for people to pursue liberation and played an important role in the development of human history.
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★ Summary of knowledge points in history examination of senior two and several skills of history study.
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