Learning disability (LD), or learning disability, theoretically refers to that children with normal intelligence have one or more special obstacles in basic psychological processes such as reading, writing, spelling, expression and calculation.
How do you judge as a parent? What are the performances of children with learning difficulties?
Children with learning disabilities generally have problems such as poor auditory discrimination, sensory conversion disorder, coordinated movement (sensory integration) disorder, different learning abilities, visual-spatial perception disorder, and lack of balance between understanding and language expression.
Poor auditory discrimination
Hearing is a kind of sound sensation obtained through the analysis of cerebral cortex, which consists of sound transmission structures-external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicular chain in middle ear and middle ear cavity, sound sensing organs-cochlea, cochlear nerve, auditory nucleus of brain stem, auditory cortex and so on. * * * Isomorphism forms the auditory nervous system. The structural or functional disorder of any part of the whole auditory nervous system will lead to hearing damage to varying degrees.
Children with poor auditory discrimination generally have no substantial hearing impairment, but when listening to others or teachers, these children can't distinguish "you", "mud", "you", "invisible" and "Wu", "Wu" and similar sounds. It affects listening and understanding and brings certain difficulties to learning.
Perceptual conversion disorder
Perceptual disorders include illusions, hallucinations and other perceptual disorders.
Illusion is a distorted and false perception of objective stimulus, and a false and false perception when objective stimulus and psychological impression want to combine. The illusion is often related to sensory conditions and emotional factors. When the vision is impaired and the light is dim, the optical illusion will appear. When in intense fear and eager expectation, the emotional duration is hallucinated; When you are tired and it is difficult to concentrate, you can also have a wrong game. Children with learning difficulties will have auditory illusions or illusions.
The so-called illusion is that without corresponding objective stimulation, the sensory organs produce an illusory perceptual experience. Children with learning difficulties focus on vestibular hallucinations. Main manifestations: unstable gravity and poor balance ability; Dyskinesia, limbs and body movements are seriously inaccurate; Spatial cognitive errors and perceptual obstacles; It is difficult to cross the middle, so the right hand can't move correctly on the left side, and the left hand can also have problems when moving on the right side (bilateral coordination disorder); Difficulty in dribbling, lack of visual integration, and difficulty in reading.
Children with perceptual conversion disorder can't think of this object or this problem quickly when others talk about it or the teacher talks about a problem. For example, teachers ask children to describe dogs and write the word "dog" on their own blackboard, but they can't immediately think of the dog's appearance or write the word "dog". Even think of dogs as sheep, cats or other livestock.
Coordinated dyskinesia
Coordinated dyskinesia is also called poor physical coordination. The main reason for poor physical coordination is the lack of brain learning.
1.
(1) Abnormal posture reflex.
(2) Abnormal muscle tone.
(3) Unstable head position (uncontrollable).
(4) Eye movement disorder.
(5) excessive self-injury.
(6) Seizure.
(7) language development obstacles.
(8) Intelligent learning difficulties.
(9) Emotions can't be controlled.
(10) Insufficient cognition or error.
2. Physical coordination difficulties
(1) Gravity instability: walking is unstable, sometimes you run instead of walking. The reason is the lack of coordination and mastery between the body and the center of the earth, that is, the lack of balance.
(2) Unknown body image: If you are playing the five senses game, you often make mistakes, that is, you don't feel enough about all parts of your body and have poor control.
(3) The spatial relationship is not clear: First, the judgment of examples is not accurate. Pour the water out of the cup as usual, and it will not be buckled or often buckled incorrectly; Second, there are often mistakes in judging the direction.
(4) The ability to distinguish stimuli is too sensitive or too slow: Take rotation as an example. Some children are afraid of this kind of activity, and they will faint when they turn a little (feeling too sensitive); And some children especially like it, no matter how they turn, they won't faint (feeling too slow).
(5) Excessive or insufficient tactile defense: I am afraid that others will touch it, which will hurt or itch; Moreover, some children have dull skin and feel nothing when touching him. Even if you twist him, you won't feel pain.
(6) Abnormal inherent sensory response or auditory response: particularly sensitive to certain behaviors, rotating or climbing, or afraid of certain sounds.
academic achievement
1. An exception occurred while playing the game.
(1) Feeling nervous on the mat: Generally speaking, children are prone on the mat, and their hands and feet are often unable to exert their strength, but the whole body will be deeply immersed in the mat and feel very comfortable. However, these children are particularly nervous when they touch the mat. He will stand up hard, put his forehead on the cushion and let his face fly. Because the whole head is placed on the mat, it will make him extremely uneasy, so when this happens, they are almost stiff all over.
This kind of children usually don't like swinging from side to side or up and down, and they don't like swinging, because they can't actively coordinate with gravity and their balance ability is usually poor. Because of their lack of self-confidence, they tend to be particularly clingy, crying and overly dependent.
(2) Clumsy when playing games: These children showed serious clumsiness in the circle test, which made them look clumsy and slow when they changed from lying flat to supine.
(3) blindfolded, nothing: such children often don't or dare to play hide-and-seek games, because these children dare not do anything as long as they are blindfolded, and they don't know how to catch the object they want to catch.
2. Various difficulties in learning
(1) Finger inflexibility: Finger is the most frequently used part of human contact with the external environment. It is usually not too afraid of strange contact and has always been the most important tool in exploration. Children with poor coordinated exercise have poor sense of touch, poor hand flexibility, fear of being touched by strangers, and poor hand-eye coordination, which is manifested in insufficient ability to write and draw. If there are more strokes, the words will be written piece by piece, and they will not become words; When painting, the original round apple is often painted very long; And draw long cucumber squares.
(2) Poor sitting posture: When children with poor coordination sit down, they often hunch over and have nowhere to put their hands, often on their chests; Or he won't sit for long, and he will get up and move aimlessly after sitting for a while. If you let him sit still for 20 minutes, he will fidget and fidget.
(3) Constant dictation errors: poor coordination of listening and vision will also have a great impact on children's learning ability. Children with poor coordination can't understand the sound they hear immediately, so they can't cooperate with vision. This kind of child will have a particularly hard time practicing dictation, often missing words and paragraphs. I can't keep up.
Learning ability is different.
Children with different learning abilities are mainly manifested in differences in operation and language ability. If some children are interested in operating and assembling toys, it is very convenient to remove the parts from the template and assemble them according to the legend. If you let him cut and paste with scissors, it will be very clumsy or impossible to finish. There are even more examples of differences in language ability. For example, some children often can't remember the language taught by their parents or teachers or have poor expressive ability, while children's songs sung among them not only learn quickly, but also recite vividly.
Some children have difficulty in reading, mainly because of poor accuracy of tasks and spelling, or difficulty in understanding. They often can't write, have many typos, are difficult to correct, have poor pinyin, and have difficulties in dictation, dictation and recitation. But some of these children are good at math, some like music and some like painting.
Some children have difficulty in mathematical calculation skills. It is mainly manifested in the confusion of the concepts of quantity and number, the naming, understanding and expression of number symbols, and the obstacles in technology, basic operation and mathematical reasoning, which seriously affect daily life and study. But among these children, some especially like sports, and they can even achieve excellent results in a certain sports competition.
Visual spatial perception disorder
Children with visual spatial perception disorders usually have the following manifestations:
First, the ability of shape discrimination is poor, which is mainly manifested in the frequent confusion of numbers and letters such as 6 and 9, D and B, P and Q; Chinese characters such as moon and use, moon and son, car and east, horse and harmony; Imagine a square as a rectangle, a rectangle as a parallelogram and an ordinary triangle as an isosceles triangle.
Second, the writing is always bad, which is basically released to the basic requirements of horizontal and vertical strokes, either horizontal and vertical or inclined up and down, and often the words with upper and lower structures or left and right structures are crowded together and unrecognizable; Or there is a big gap in the middle, which makes others seem to mistake it for two words.
There is a lack of balance between understanding and language expression.
Generally speaking, thinking is the basis of understanding and language expression of a thing and an article, while thinking and language thinking ability are the comprehensive improvement of hearing and visual ability, and the ability to further sublimate on the basis of having basic vision and hearing. It combines what it hears, sees, thinks and understands, and then expresses it in words. If there are problems with hearing or vision, there will be problems with thinking and understanding, and there will be a lack of balance between understanding and language expression.
Children who lack a balance between understanding and language expression often miss or replace when listening or reading, so they can't read correctly. For example, when the teacher finishes reading the sentence "Xiao Ming is a very clever boy" and asks the child to repeat it, the following will happen:
Children who miss obstacles may answer "Xiao Ming is a clever boy", "Xiao Ming is a clever boy" and "Xiao Ming is very clever".
Children who replace obstacles may answer "Xiao Ming is clever", "Xiao Ming and clever Linlin are good friends" and "Xiao Ming is a very understanding child".
Such obstacles and deviations will bring difficulties to children's learning. Parents should seek professional help in time for any child who has the above situation, and at the same time communicate with children in daily life, give more praise and encouragement, and improve their interest in learning. As long as he studies hard, he will be affirmed.