The thinking characteristics of students in the lower grades of primary school are mainly image thinking and relatively weak abstract thinking, which forms students' initial logical thinking ability and enables students to master some scientific thinking methods, which not only helps students to master cultural knowledge such as mathematics quickly and effectively, but also lays a good foundation for cultivating students' creative thinking. Primary school students' mathematical thinking mainly includes the abilities of analysis and synthesis, comparison and classification, abstraction and generalization, judgment and reasoning. Their initial thinking must begin at an early age. Moreover, it is also an important learning content in primary school mathematics teaching, a shortcut for primary school students to know, master and apply mathematics, and the basis for cultivating innovative ability. In order to better develop primary school students' abstract thinking ability, according to daily teaching experience, the following methods are put forward: (1) Explore teaching methods according to cognitive rules. (1) Use teaching AIDS appropriately to promote the development of thinking. The thinking characteristics of primary school students are mainly figurative. To make primary school students have certain abstract thinking ability, it is necessary to shorten the distance between them. According to the psychological characteristics and cognitive rules of primary school students, learning tools play a certain role in developing abstract thinking ability. Using intuitive teaching methods, the procedures of primary school students' hands-on operation are transformed into intellectual activities of primary school students under the guidance of teachers. For example, when students use four small pieces of wood to decompose and synthesize the number "4", they can be inspired to understand the composition of "4" after orderly decomposition, which not only enables students to think in an orderly way after leaving school tools, but also decomposes and synthesizes other numbers, such as "5, 6, 7, 8", which can get rid of school tools and thus think about their decomposition and composition abstractly. It can be seen that logical thinking ability can be developed by using learning tools properly, but it is difficult to improve it unless it is used effectively. (2) Construct an exercise framework and train comprehensive thinking. In teaching, inspiring students to think in logical order is helpful to improve their abstract thinking ability. In order to strengthen thinking training, it is an effective method to construct classroom practice framework. If the confusing problems related to the content are put together for students to distinguish, the students' analytical judgment ability can be improved. (3) Train the thinking language and clarify the thinking process. Language is the external expression of thinking, because people express their thoughts through language. Therefore, the enlightenment training of language ability is helpful to improve the ability of abstract thinking. In teaching, teachers ask students to think before answering, and express them in complete sentences, and pay attention to the accuracy, rigor and logic of mathematical language. This kind of enlightenment training is effective through perseverance. (2) Cultivating thinking quality and developing thinking ability. Good thinking quality is an important indicator to measure logical thinking ability. The essence of thinking quality refers to the difference of people's thinking ability. It mainly includes profundity, flexibility, independence and agility. Paying attention to establishing clear mathematical concepts in teaching can cultivate the correctness of students' thinking. Developing differentiated thinking can train the flexibility of students' thinking. Paying attention to the training of judgment questions can exercise the rigor of students' thinking. (3) Respect students' differences and promote everyone's development. Due to the influence of different physical and mental maturity and different families, the thinking characteristics of junior high school students show certain differences. Therefore, it is necessary to proceed from each student's reality and use the correct methods to develop each student's thinking and logical ability to the best. For example, let students with flexible thinking answer more rigorous judgment questions. In a word, it is impossible to cultivate the abstract thinking ability of junior primary school students overnight. Only by recognizing its importance and cultivating it effectively for a long time can we get good results and lay a solid foundation for students' higher learning.