Later, Arabs introduced this figure to Spain. In 10 century, it was spread to other European countries by Pope Gelber Auriac. Around 1200, European scholars formally adopted these symbols and systems. In the13rd century, at the initiative of Fibonacci, a mathematician in Pisa, Italy, ordinary Europeans also began to adopt Arabic numerals, which was quite common in the15th century. At that time, the shape of Arabic numerals was not exactly the same as that of modern Arabic numerals, but they were relatively close. Many mathematicians have made great efforts to write them as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0.
The origin of "0"
876 quality stone tablet
The dot representing zero in Indian numerals gradually evolved into a circle, that is, the evolution of "0" was completed at the latest in the ninth century. The Gualier stone tablet unearthed in India in 876 witnessed this process. There is an unmistakable "0" on the stone tablet, which is a great invention in the history of mathematics. The appearance of "0" is a great creation in the history of mathematics. "0" has always been called Arabic numerals. In fact, it originated in ancient India, and its origin was deeply influenced by Mahayana Buddhism. Mahayana Kongzong was popular in ancient India from the third to the sixth century. It was in the late stage of its popularity that India produced a new decimal notation for integers, which stipulated the symbols of ten numbers. In the past, the calculation of space-time potential was a little over ten. Represented by ".",then "0" was invented instead. The Sanskrit name of "0" is Sunya, the Chinese transliteration is Shunruo, and the free translation is empty. Multiply 0 by any number, and this number is 0. Mahayana Kongzong was founded by Indian Dragon Tree and his disciple Tipo, emphasizing that "everything is empty". This particularity of 0 reflects the trace left by the proposition that "everything is empty". 0 is the dividing point between positive and negative numbers, and it is also the origin on Cartesian coordinate axis in analytic geometry. Without 0, there is no origin, and without coordinate system, the building of geometry will fall apart. This understanding may also be inspired by Mahayana Kongzong. In a sense, the emptiness of Mahayana Kongzong can also be regarded as the origin and fundamental starting point for Buddhism to understand everything. Mahayana Kongzong believes that whether it is a positive heaven or a negative hell, whether it is a god or a demon, it is inevitable to enter the phase and cannot escape the pain of reincarnation. When the gods enjoy all the blessings, they will still fall into the path of animals or hungry ghosts, or they may do the opposite and become demons. Mahayana Buddhism stresses "emptiness" and "being", both of which emphasize non-persistence. This statement is similar to the particularity of 0 in mathematics and philosophy. In the middle of the 7th century, Indian notation began to spread to the west, and it was introduced to Arab countries at the end of the 8th century. After being improved by Arabs, Indian numerals were introduced into Europe and called Arabic numerals or Indo-Arabic numerals. [ 1]
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Around 2500 BC, an inscription notation called halaba number appeared in ancient India. Before and after A.D., there were two kinds of figures: karoshi figures and Brahman figures. In the 3rd century AD, the Indian scientist Baghdad invented Arabic numerals. After the 4th century AD, the symbol of zero in Arabic numerals became clearer and clearer, which made the notation gradually develop into a decimal numerical system, such as Devinagri numerals which appeared after the 8th century AD. ..