Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods What are the quantitative analysis methods?
There are five kinds, namely: 1 and ratio analysis.
Compare different data and get the ratio. 2. Trend analysis method.
Draw a trend analysis chart according to the change of an index at a certain stage. 3. Structural analysis method.
Observe according to the percentage of an indicator in the total. 4. Mutual comparison method.
Select one or two indicators as a group for comparison. 5. Mathematical model method.
Construct a mathematical model suitable for an index and observe the change of the index. Among the above five quantitative analysis methods, ratio analysis is the basis, trend analysis, structure analysis and comparative analysis are the extensions, and mathematical model method represents the development direction of quantitative analysis.
Quantitative analysis is a method to analyze the quantitative characteristics, quantitative relations and quantitative changes of social phenomena. In enterprise management, quantitative analysis is based on the financial statements of enterprises as the main data source, and processed in a mathematical way to obtain the credit results of enterprises.
Quantitative analysis means that investment analysts use mathematical modules to analyze the quantifiable data of the company, evaluate the company's operation through analysis, and make investment judgments. The objects of quantitative analysis are mainly financial statements, such as fund balance statement, income statement and retained income statement.
Its function is to reveal and describe the interaction and development trend of social phenomena. Baidu encyclopedia-quantitative analysis.
What is quantitative analysis?
Quantitative analysis is the most commonly used method in chemical analysis. This is an analysis to measure the amount of a substance with a known composition, and volumetric analysis is usually used. Because quantitative analysis needs to accurately determine the content of the analyzed components, it is necessary to control the addition amount of reagents, especially the components involved in the reaction are added and determined through volumetric burette, so quantitative analysis is also called chemical titration. At the same time, according to the chemical reaction principle on which the analysis is based, there are complexometric titration, neutralization titration and so on. Another important feature of quantitative analysis method is to determine the end point of chemical reaction by using various indexes. Without these indicators, the amount of chemicals added to participate in the reaction will be excessive, and the method of accurately determining the content of elements will be lost. This is also the biggest worry point of operational errors in quantitative analysis methods. The above is the quantitative analysis of chemical analysis methods. Other physical methods can also be used for quantitative analysis, but this is usually trace.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis method?
Commonly used quantitative analysis methods include regression analysis, time series analysis, decision analysis, optimization analysis, input-output analysis and so on.
Commonly used qualitative analysis methods include inductive analysis, deductive analysis, comparative analysis and structural analysis. Delphi method uses back-to-back communication to consult the forecast opinions of the members of the expert group. After several rounds of consultation, the expert group's prediction opinions tend to be concentrated, and finally a prediction conclusion that conforms to the future development trend of the market is made.
Delphi method, also known as expert opinion method, is a management technique to express opinions anonymously according to systematic procedures, that is, team members are not allowed to discuss with each other and have no horizontal connection, and they can only fill in questionnaires repeatedly with investigators to collect the knowledge of questioners and collect opinions from all sides. It can be used to build a team communication process and deal with complex tasks. The specific implementation steps of Delphi method are as follows: (1) Set up Delphi method to form an expert group.
Determine experts according to the knowledge range required by the subject. The number of experts can be determined according to the size of the predicted topic and the width of the field involved, generally not exceeding 20.
(2) Put forward the predicted problems and related requirements to all experts, and attach all the background materials on this issue, and ask the experts to put forward what materials are needed. Then, the expert will give a written reply.
(3) Each expert puts forward his own prediction opinions according to the materials he receives, and explains how he uses these materials and puts forward the predicted values. (4) Summarize the opinions judged by experts for the first time, make a chart and compare them, and then distribute them to experts, so that experts can compare their different opinions with others and modify their opinions and judgments.
You can also sort out the opinions of experts, or ask other experts with higher status to comment, and then distribute these opinions to experts for their reference and revision. (5) Collect and summarize all the experts' revision opinions, and then distribute them to experts for the second revision.
Collecting opinions in turn and feeding back information for experts is the main link of Delphi method. It usually takes three or four rounds to collect opinions and information feedback.
When giving feedback to experts, only various opinions are given, but the specific names of experts who express various opinions are not specified. This process is repeated until every expert no longer changes his point of view.
(6) Delphi method comprehensive treatment expert opinion. Delphi method is related to and different from the ordinary expert meeting method. The expert meeting method is to convene experts to hold a meeting and discuss collectively, and get a consistent forecast.
Delphi method can give full play to the advantages of expert meeting method, that is, (1) can give full play to the role of experts, brainstorm and have high accuracy. (2) Be able to express the differences of opinions of experts and learn from each other.
At the same time, Delphi method can avoid the shortcomings of expert meeting method: (1) the opinions of authoritative people affect the opinions of others; (2) Some experts are reluctant to express their opinions different from others out of affection; (3) Out of self-esteem, I don't want to modify my original incomplete opinions. The main disadvantage of Delphi method is its complicated process and long time consuming.
We need to pay attention to two points: (1) Not all forecasting events have to go through four steps. Some possible events will be unified in the second step, not necessarily in the third step.
(2) After the fourth step, experts' predictions of all events may be inconsistent. Inconsistency can also be inferred from the median and upper and lower quartiles.
In fact, there will always be many events with inconsistent prediction results. Brainstorming method, also known as intellectual stimulation method, BS method and free thinking method, was first put forward by American creative scientist A F· Osborne in 1939 and officially published in 1953.
This method has been practiced and developed by creative researchers all over the world, forming a number of invention technologies, which are favored by many enterprises and organizations. In the decision-making process of brainstorming method, the systematic scheme and ideas put forward by the above-mentioned direct brainstorming method are often questioned and improved by questioning brainstorming method.
This is a special procedure in brainstorming to evaluate the feasibility of an idea or scheme. In this process, the first stage is to ask participants to question each idea and make comprehensive comments.
The focus of the review is to study all the restrictive factors that hinder the realization of the idea. In the process of asking questions, some feasible new ideas may come into being.
These new ideas include the reasons why the proposed ideas can't be realized, the existing limiting factors, and the suggestions to eliminate the limiting factors. Its structure is usually: "XX idea is not feasible, because …, if it is feasible, it must be …"
The second stage is to compile a list of comments and feasible ideas for each group or idea. The principle of questioning brainstorming is the same as that of direct brainstorming, except that it is forbidden to give positive opinions on existing ideas and encourage criticism and new feasible ideas.
When asking questions about brainstorming, the host should first briefly introduce the content of the question and various systematic ideas and schemes, so as to focus the participants' attention on the comprehensive evaluation of the question. The questioning process continues until there are no more questions to ask.
All the evaluation opinions and feasible ideas extracted from the inquiry should be specially recorded or recorded. The third stage is to evaluate the evaluation opinions extracted in the process of asking questions, thus forming a practical and final list of ideas to solve the problems discussed.
Evaluating the evaluation opinions is as important as questioning the ideas discussed. Because in the questioning stage, the key point is to study all the restrictive factors that hinder the implementation of the idea, and these restrictive factors are considered to be in an important position even in the idea generation stage.
The analysis team is responsible for processing and analyzing the query results. The analysis team should absorb some experts who have the ability to make more accurate judgments on the implementation of ideas.
If you need to make decisions on major issues in a short time, it is particularly important to involve these experts.
What are qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis?
Quantitative research: Like natural science, it is a research process of establishing research hypotheses, collecting accurate data, and then conducting statistical analysis and testing through statistical investigation or experiment. Quantitative analysis, as an ancient way of thinking that has not been accurately positioned, has obvious advantages over qualitative analysis. It defines things within the range that human beings can understand, from quantitative change to qualitative change.
Qualitative research is a social science research method formed under the influence of anti-positivism theory. It tends to use interview, observation and literature to collect data, and conduct research on the basis of subjective understanding and qualitative analysis. Qualitative research emphasizes that human behavior is a meaningful action, and human's construction of social reality is completed on the basis of the meaning given to social objects by the subject and others who participate in the interaction, and also produces rules or knowledge with common knowledge in daily life. It is difficult to quantitatively study these rules or knowledge and their production process. Qualitative analysis is the qualitative analysis of the research object. Specifically, it is to use the methods of induction and deduction, analysis, synthesis and abstract generalization to process the obtained materials, so that we can get rid of the rough and get the essence, discard the false and keep the true, from here to there, from the outside to the inside, realize the essence of things and reveal the internal laws, from qualitative to quantitative.
Similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis
Difference: 1. Qualitative research of different concepts refers to the method that researchers use historical review, literature analysis, interviews, observation, participation experience and other methods to obtain educational research materials, and then analyze them by non-quantitative means to draw research conclusions.
The results of quantitative research are usually expressed by a large number of data, and the research design is to make effective explanations by comparing and analyzing these data. 2. The heterogeneous research based on theory is mainly a kind of value judgment, which is based on the methodology of humanism such as hermeneutics, phenomenology and constructivism.
Its main point is that social phenomena are not dominated by causality like natural phenomena, and there are essential differences between social phenomena and natural phenomena. Quantitative research is a kind of factual judgment, based on the methodology of positivism.
Positivism originates from empiricism philosophy, and its main point is that social phenomena exist independently and are not transferred by human subjective will. In the process of evaluation, subject and object are mutually isolated entities, and there must be an inherent logical causal relationship between things.
3. Qualitative research on different characteristics: quantitative research; Research conditions, natural conditions and laboratory conditions. Research nature, descriptive research, quantitative research, emphasis on aspects, process, qualitative research before and after: researchers are in close contact with the research object and influence each other, and researchers obtain information through interaction and empathy with the research object.
Quantitative research: In quantitative research, researchers and research objects are independent and separated from each other. Similarity: 1, both qualitative research and quantitative research belong to sociological methods. Qualitative research is a method that experts who are familiar with the situation and business mainly judge the nature, characteristics and development law of the research object based on personal intuition and experience, the past and present continuation of the research object and the latest information.
Make judgments, put forward preliminary opinions, and then synthesize them as the main basis for predicting the future situation and development trend. Quantitative research refers to a method of using modern mathematical methods to process relevant data, count the data, establish various prediction models reflecting the regular relationship between related variables, and use mathematical models to calculate the indicators and their values of the research object.
2. Qualitative research is the basic premise of quantitative research, and quantitative research is the further deepening of qualitative research. It must be pointed out here that although qualitative research requires less mathematical knowledge, there is no difference between the two research methods and they cannot be completely separated.
Comparatively speaking, quantitative research is more scientific because of its advanced mathematical knowledge, while qualitative research is slightly rough. However, this method is widely used and suitable for ordinary investors and economic workers, because it is more suitable when the data is insufficient or the researchers' mathematical knowledge is weak. Advantages and disadvantages: Although the qualitative research method is simple and easy to operate, it is subjective, the results are abstract, it is difficult to reflect the local differences between things, and the application effect is not good.
The quantitative research method is more intuitive, concise and accurate than the qualitative evaluation results, and the application effect is good. But it is often difficult to operate, especially some related factors are difficult to quantify and subjective, which affects the accuracy of quantification.
Comparatively speaking, the quantitative analysis method is more scientific, but it requires profound mathematical knowledge, and the qualitative analysis method is rough, but it is more suitable when the data is insufficient or the analyst's mathematical foundation is weak. Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis methods of expanded data: commonly used quantitative analysis methods, including regression analysis, time series analysis, decision analysis, optimization analysis, input-output analysis, etc.
Commonly used qualitative analysis methods include inductive analysis, deductive analysis, comparative analysis and structural analysis. Delphi method uses back-to-back communication to consult the forecast opinions of the members of the expert group. After several rounds of consultation, the expert group's prediction opinions tend to be concentrated, and finally a prediction conclusion that conforms to the future development trend of the market is made.
Delphi method, also known as expert opinion method, is based on systematic procedures and adopts anonymous expression of opinions, that is, team members are not allowed to discuss each other. There is no horizontal connection, only with the investigator * * *, filling out the questionnaire repeatedly, so as to collect the knowledge of the questioner and collect opinions from all sides, which can be used to build a team communication process and deal with complex tasks.
The specific implementation steps of Delphi method are as follows: 1, and Delphi method is set up as an expert group. Determine experts according to the knowledge range required by the subject.
The number of experts can be determined according to the size of the predicted topic and the width of the field involved, generally not exceeding 20. 2. Ask all experts about the forecast problem and related requirements, and attach all the background materials about this problem. At the same time, ask experts to put forward what materials are needed.
Then, the expert will give a written reply. 3. Each expert puts forward his own prediction opinions according to the materials he receives, and explains how he uses these materials and puts forward the predicted values.
4. Summarize the opinions judged by experts for the first time, make a chart, compare them, and then distribute them to experts, so that experts can compare their different opinions with others and modify their opinions and judgments. You can also sort out the opinions of experts, or ask other experts with higher status to comment, and then distribute these opinions to experts for their reference and revision.
Qualitative analysis: Objective: To understand the potential causes and motives qualitatively. Sample: a small sample composed of unrepresentative cases.
Data collection: unstructured. Data analysis: a non-statistical method.
Results: A preliminary understanding. Quantitative analysis: Objective: To express the data quantitatively and extend the results from the sample to the research population.
Sample: A large sample composed of representative cases. Data collection: structured.
Data analysis: statistical methods. Results: Suggest the final action plan.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Qualitative Analysis Reference:
Baidu encyclopedia-quantitative analysis.
What are the methods of quantitative research and qualitative research?
Quantitative research-refers to the research process that mainly collects quantitative data or information, quantifies, tests and analyzes the data, and then draws meaningful conclusions. Quantification means measuring according to digital symbols.
Determining the specified quantity of things is one of the important steps and methods of scientific research. According to certain standards, it measures the characteristic value of the object by comparing the characteristics of the object, or finds out the variation law of the quantity between some factors. Because its purpose is to answer the quantitative properties of things and their movements, it is called quantitative research.
Four measurement scales and characteristics of quantitative research
A numerical value used in a nominal scale to indicate whether it belongs to the same person or thing.
The size of the numerical values used in the order scale corresponds to the specific order of the research objects. For example, the upper class and upper class, middle class and upper class, middle class and lower class are marked as "5, 4, 3, 2, 1" or "3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1" respectively. It's just that the gap between 5 representing the upper layer and 4 representing the upper layer and 3 representing the middle layer is not necessarily equal. 5, 4, 3, etc. They are all randomly added symbols, and it doesn't matter if they are recorded as 100, 50 or 10.
The numerical values used in the interval scale not only indicate the number of measured objects, but also indicate their size, that is, the size of the interval. However, the origin in this scale can be set arbitrarily, but it does not mean that the quantity of things is "nothing". For example, 0c is the absolute temperature of 273 K and 32 F.
The values of nominal scale and sequential scale cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided, but the values of interval scale can be added and subtracted. However, since the origin is arbitrarily set, multiplication and division cannot be performed. For example, the difference between 5℃ and 10℃ can be said to be 5℃ just like the difference between 15℃ and 20℃, but it cannot be said that 20℃ is four times higher than 5℃.
The meaning of scale is absolute, that is, it has the origin of zero representing "nothing". Length, weight, time, etc. Are within the measuring range of the proportional scale. You can compare the difference and ratio of the measured values in the scale. For example, the difference between 5 minutes and 10 minutes, the difference between 10 minutes and 15 minutes is 5 minutes, and 10 minutes is five times that of 2 minutes. Scales can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided.
Qualitative research method is a kind of method or angle to study things from the intrinsic stipulation according to the social phenomenon or the contradictory changes in the attribute and movement of things. It describes and explains what it studies from the perspective of contradiction, based on accepted axioms, a set of deductive logic and a large number of historical facts. To conduct qualitative research, we should directly grasp the main aspects of the characteristics of things according to certain theories and experiences, and temporarily ignore the quantitative differences of homogeneity.
Qualitative research has two different levels. First, there is no or lack of pure qualitative research of quantitative analysis, and the conclusions are often general and speculative; The second is a higher level qualitative research based on quantitative analysis. In practical research, qualitative research and quantitative research are often used together. Before quantitative research, researchers must use qualitative research to determine the nature of the phenomenon to be studied; In the process of quantitative research, researchers must use qualitative research to determine the quantitative boundary and the reasons for qualitative change. There are some differences between qualitative research and quantitative research:
(1) The emphasis is different. Qualitative research focuses on materials; Quantitative research focuses on the quantity of things.
② Different levels of research. Quantitative research is to be more accurate and qualitative.
③ The basis is different. Quantitative research is mainly based on the actual data obtained from investigation, while qualitative research is based on a large number of historical facts and life experience materials.
④ Different means. Quantitative research mainly adopts empirical measurement, statistical analysis and modeling methods; Qualitative research mainly adopts logical reasoning and historical comparison methods.
⑤ Different subject foundations. Quantitative research is based on probability theory and social statistics, while qualitative research is based on logic and history.
⑥ Conclusion is expressed in different forms. Quantitative research is mainly expressed by data, models and charts. Qualitative research conclusions are mainly written descriptions. Qualitative research is the basis and guide of quantitative research, but only by using quantitative research at the same time can we achieve accurate qualitative analysis on the basis of accurate quantification.
qualitative analysis
Objective: To gain a qualitative understanding of the underlying causes and motives.
Sample: a small sample composed of unrepresentative cases.
Data collection: unstructured
Data analysis: a non-statistical method
Results: A preliminary understanding.
quantitative analysis
Objective: To express the data quantitatively and extend the results from the sample to the research population.
Sample: A large sample composed of representative cases.
Data collection: structured
Data analysis: a statistical method
Results: Suggest the final action plan.
What is qualitative analysis? What is quantitative analysis? (
Qualitative analysis refers to the qualitative analysis and research on the attributes of things through logical reasoning, philosophical thinking, historical verification and legal judgment.
It is the concrete application of traditional humanities research methods in the field of communication. It is mainly used to study the social structure and function of communication, social control of communication and the relationship between communication and social development.
Quantitative analysis refers to the analysis of the quantitative relationship between the components or properties of the studied object. You can also quantitatively analyze and compare some properties, characteristics and relationships of several objects.
The main goal is to determine the content of each component in the substance. The theoretical cornerstone of quantitative analysis is positivism, which emphasizes the objectivity and observability of physical objects.
Extended data:
Analysis principle of qualitative analysis Qualitative analysis must be completed through a series of tests. If the test result is consistent with the expectation, it is called "positive test" or positive test, which means that there is a component in the sample; Conversely, a "negative test" or negative test indicates that a component does not exist. The existence of components is based on the physical characteristics of substances, such as specific gravity, hardness, flame color, melting point, boiling point, solubility, spectrum, refractive index, optical rotation and so on. Sometimes important clues about the composition of a substance can be obtained by using a magnifying glass or microscope; Appearance of characteristic colors, fluorescence and phosphorescence, generation of light and heat, etc. When substances react chemically; The special selectivity of enzymes can also be used to detect substances.