Wang Yusheng said that in addition to papermaking, compass, gunpowder and movable type printing, traditional Chinese medicine, 10 decimal system, equatorial coordinate system and block printing, there are many ancient inventions in China that affect the development of science and technology in the world, and they are as important as the four major inventions and the four new inventions. Carrying forward China's ancient civilization and discovering more ancient inventions by studying history and the history of science and technology are of great significance for learning from history, serving the present, serving the reality and creating the future.
Chinese characters, a writing system for recording Chinese, are still or have been used in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese. Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in the world with a history of more than 4,500 years. It is one of the three oldest schools in the world. Among them, the sacred script of ancient Egypt and the cuneiform script of Sumerians in the two river basins have been lost, and only China's Chinese characters are still in use today.
China is one of the cradles of early human civilization in the world, and it is also one of the earliest areas in the world where fire was used, bows and arrows and pottery were invented, agriculture and animal husbandry appeared, astronomy was observed, and medicine was initiated.
Xia dynasty invented the chronology of cadres and branches, and decimal system appeared. People in the Western Zhou Dynasty determined the seasons by measuring the shadow of the sun with standard watches. 28 huts were discovered in the Spring and Autumn Period; In the later period, the ancient calendar came into being.
Chinese medicine, decimal system, equatorial coordinate system, block printing, papermaking, movable type printing, gunpowder, compass, porcelain, silk, metal smelting and casting, intensive cultivation.
China is an ancient country of mathematics, and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic and Nine Chapters of Numerology handed down from ancient China are ancient mathematical masterpieces. In ancient times, countries in the world used to have a variety of decimal systems, such as ten, twelve, twenty and sixty, and now decimal systems are used uniformly. Wang Yusheng said that China was the first country in the world to adopt the decimal system and played an extremely important role in the history of world mathematics. Among the Shang Dynasty Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed, there are already one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and hundreds, thousands, and ten thousand words, with more than 20,000 words at the most, which records the number of body count, prisoners, cattle and sheep in the war. The decimal numerical system, which was later developed into decimal, was used for calculation and abacus calculation. It was a revolutionary invention of counting and calculation, and it is still in use today.
China is also an ancient country in astronomy, and China is the first country in the world to record astronomical phenomena such as sunspots, Halley's comet and supernovae in words. The equatorial coordinates used in ancient astronomical calculations in China were adopted by modern astronomy, and China became the first country in the world to adopt equatorial coordinates. Ancient astronomers determined the coordinate system according to the equatorial plane of the earth's rotation and the ecliptic plane of the revolution. In ancient China, equatorial coordinates were used to study the movements of the sun, the moon and the five stars, while in the west, so-called ecliptic coordinates were used. These are two different coordinate systems. The existing ancient image observation instruments in China, such as various image observation instruments of climbing dragons and attaching phoenixes at Beijing Ancient Observatory, all use equatorial coordinates. Modern astronomical research proves that the equatorial coordinate system is superior to the ecliptic coordinate system, and modern astronomy replaces the ecliptic coordinate system with the equatorial coordinate system.
China's Classical Poetry
National customs, Chu ci, Han Yuefu, Wei and Jin demeanor, northern folk songs, southern Wu Ge opera, southern palace poems, Tang poems, Tang five pronouns, Song ci, Song ci, Song Yuan, Song and Ming dynasties, famous mountains and songs, Qing ci and Qing poetry.
China's classical prose
Pre-Qin Prose, Han Fu, Parallel Prose of Six Dynasties, Ancient Prose of Tang and Song Dynasties, Prose of Ming and Qing Dynasties
China's classical novels
Pre-Qin mythology, tales of the Six Dynasties, legends of the Tang Dynasty, tales of the Song Dynasty, novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
China's classical drama
Hundreds of dramas in Han Dynasty and Zaju in Yuan Dynasty
Other major literary genres
Tang and Song prose, Ming and Qing operas, Ming and Qing couplets, etc.
China's classical philosophy
China's classical philosophy includes Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Mohism, Yin and Yang, military strategists, peasants, military strategists, famous artists, miscellaneous scholars, Zen, Tantric Sect, Pure Land Sect, Tiantai Sect, Huayan Sect, Sanlun Sect, Know-only Sect, Legalist Sect, Neo-Confucianism, Psychology, Taoism, Islam, Mazu worship and so on.
Chinese classical music
Chinese classical music includes gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng, Yu, Xiao, Di, Suona, Hu, Sheng, Lusheng, Zheng, Guqin, Dulcimer, Pipa, Ruan, Yueqin, Sanxian, Gong, Drum, Banzhuoqin, Bangzi, Erhu and Banzhuoqin.
China Ancient Games
Wrestling: wrestling, sumo wrestling, tug-of-war, cockfighting, bullfighting, cricket fighting, bird fighting,
Competition: soil-beating, pot-throwing, cuju, bow-beating, stepping, wood-shooting, swinging and shuttlecock.
Fighting wits and courage: nine-ring, jigsaw puzzle, go, chess,
Guess and shoot: shoot, hide hooks, riddles, wine orders
Gambling: Dice, Liubo, Xiepu, Shuanglu, Wumu, Touqiong, Caizhan, Paijiu, Tianjiu and Mahjong.
Cards: Ye Xixi, Mahantag, Mohe.
China's maritime history ranks first in the world.
Zheng He has been to more than 30 countries, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Zhenwax, Guri, Siam, Adan, Tian Fang, Zoufal, Hume, Mugushu, as far away as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca and possibly Australia. These records all represent the pinnacle of China's maritime exploration, more than 80 years earlier than the western explorer Da Gama Columbus and others. At that time, the Ming dynasty was ahead of the west in navigation technology, fleet size, sailing distance, duration and related fields.
In the era of Zheng He, China really assumed the responsibility of a civilized country: being strong but not hegemonic, being good at spreading friends, being fair and winning prizes, and being generous. There is no invasion and colonization mission like the Western Airlines.
China's invention goes far beyond the above:
Human pox vaccine-modern immunology
The eldest son of Wang Dan, the prime minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, died of smallpox. Prime Minister Wang didn't want others to get this disease again, so he invited famous doctors and magicians from all over the country to try to find some ways to treat and prevent it. A Taoist priest in Emei Mountain presented a prescription: "inoculate" healthy people with an attenuated human pox vaccine through nasal mucosa, so that people can gain immunity to smallpox.
"10 century, vaccination technology originated in China, 16 century, human pox vaccine popularization. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, Europe used this technology for vaccination and subsequent modern immunology. Today, scientists all over the world are cooperating to develop a vaccine for SARS virus, which is also a tough battle for modern immunology! "
Incense burner in quilt-modern balance ring
A copper container filled with charcoal and placed in a quilt became a "quilt incense burner" for heating and incense in ancient China in winter. The miracle lies in this copper container: no matter how the incense burner rolls in the quilt, the annular bracket around the incense burner can ensure that the incense burner is placed horizontally, without worrying that the charcoal will fall over. Well done!
"You see, isn't this the universal support widely used in aviation and navigation now? The compass on the modern ship and the navigator on the plane can keep balance in bumps, relying on a' gadget' that the ancient people in China warmed up! "
Drum in Memory —— Modern Taxi
There was a carriage in the Han Dynasty, on which stood Woodenhead, with a drum in his hand. Every time the carriage travels to a certain mileage, Woodenhead will wave the drum pestle and ring the small drum in front, which was called the drum car in the mind in ancient times. In fact, its working principle is very simple: Woodenhead's hand is connected with a gear, which is connected with another gear to form a set of deceleration gear sets, and finally connected with the wheels. When the vehicle starts, the wheels will drive the gear set, which will drive Woodenhead and Woodenhead to beat the drums.
"You know what? There is no essential difference between the taxi running all over the street and the back drum. "
Qiu Shi —— The Hormone of Modernity
This is a crystal that looks like autumn frost.
In the 2nd century BC, Liu An, King of Huainan in the Western Han Dynasty, used the word "Qiu Shi" for the first time to refer to sex hormones extracted from human urine. In 1 1 century, Zhang Shengdao recorded Qiu Shi's empirical formula exactly.
"Nowadays, extracting sex hormones from human urine has become a routine method. In Europe, sex hormones were not found in urine until the 1920s. "
Foreign version of "Invented by China"
"In fact, the intensive cultivation of silk, porcelain, metal smelting and agricultural technology is not a famous invention of China!" The History of Science and Technology in China, written by Joseph Needham, a famous British historian of science (1900-1995), lists 26 technologies that China spread to the western world, including blowers, sail cars, stern rudders and harnesses.
The History of Science and Technology in China consists of seven volumes (the original edition is published in 20 volumes). For the first time, Joseph Needham comprehensively and systematically expounded the history of China's scientific and technological development in the past 4,000 years with convincing historical materials and evidence, and showed China's scientific and technological achievements in ancient and medieval times and his contribution to world civilization.
The first volume mainly reviews China's literature, geography, history, transportation and scientific and technological exchanges between China and the West, including book planning.
The second volume, comments on Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism, China's basic scientific thought, pseudoscience and skepticism traditions, social laws and natural laws in China and the West;
The third volume studies mathematics, astronomy, meteorology, geography, cartography, geology, seismology and mineralogy in China.
The fourth volume studies physics, mechanical engineering, civil engineering and water conservancy technology in China;
The fifth volume studies the instruments and theoretical basis used in China's early chemistry, alchemy and pharmacy, internal alchemy, papermaking, printing, mining, metallurgy, ceramics, gunpowder, firearms and salt industry;
The sixth volume studies botany, zoology and biotechnology in China, such as nutrition, fermentation, agriculture, medicine, medical treatment, anatomy, embryo, acupuncture and anesthesia;
Volume VII, China society and economy.
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Specifically, those 26 items, sorry! Can't find it! But these are enough to show how brilliant the history of our country is! !