Which dynasty does Shan Hai Jing belong to?
Shan Hai Jing is an ancient book written by many people from the early Warring States to the early Han Dynasty. The author is probably a Chu native. Shan Hai Jing is a book with myth as the mainstream, and its content covers a wide range. It not only preserves a lot of mythological materials, but also involves all aspects of academic fields, such as religion, philosophy, history, ethnology, astronomy, geography, zoology, botany, medicine and hygiene. This book is all-encompassing and can be called an encyclopedia of daily life at that time.
A Brief Introduction to Shan Hai Jing
Shan Hai Jing is an ancient book of China, written by Chu or Bashu people from the middle and late Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty. It is also a fantastic book. The author of this book is unknown. The ancients thought that this book was "the work of the curious people in the Warring States period, Zhuang Zaji, Biography, Lisao, Zhou Shu and Jincheng". Modern scholars also believe that writing a book is not an instant, and the author is not a person.
There are 18 articles in Shan Hai Jing, and other chapters have long been lost. The original ***22 articles, about 32650 words. * * * There are 5 Tibetan Mountain Classics, 4 overseas Classics, 5 domestic Classics and 4 Wild Classics. There are 13 chapters in Hanshu, not counting the later wild classics and family classics. The contents of Shan Hai Jing are mainly geographical knowledge in folklore, including mountains and rivers, Taoism, nationalities, products, medicines, sacrifices and witch doctors. It has preserved many famous ancient myths, legends and fables, including Kuafu's day by day, Goddess's mending the sky, Jingwei's reclamation and Dayu's harnessing the water.
Shan Hai Jing has extraordinary literature value, which can be used as a reference for studying China's ancient history, geography, culture, Chinese and foreign transportation, folk customs and myths, among which the mineral records are the earliest related documents in the world.
The edition of Shan Hai Jing is complicated, so the earliest edition is the Biography of Shan Hai Jing in Guo Pu. But when it comes to Historical Records, the title of Shan Hai Jing, the earliest bibliography is Hanshu Yiwenzhi. As for the real author of this book, many predecessors thought that it was Yu, Bo Yi, and was collated by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty before it was handed down from generation to generation. Nowadays, many people think that the exact date and author of this book cannot be confirmed.
Ancient and modern scholars have different understandings of the content and nature of Shan Hai Jing. For example, Sima Qian bluntly said that its content was too absurd to be used as a reference for making history. For example, Lu Xun thought it was "the book of wizards and alchemists". At present, most scholars believe that Shan Hai Jing is an early and valuable geographical work.
Characteristics of Shan Hai Jing
First, Shan Hai Jing is a book describing pictures.
Liu Xicheng pointed out in the preface to Comparison of Holographic Scenery of Mountains and Seas: The records and expositions of The View of Mountains and Seas Traveling in Clouds by Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (read 13 Scenery of Mountains and Seas) and The Picture is also a Bull's Shape and In Fear of Animals by Guo Pu show that "Mountains and Seas" became popular in the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago. Moreover, it is said that the part of Hai Jing has pictures first and then texts, so the narrative mode of "narration by pictures" has formed a cultural tradition at least during the Warring States period. Ma Initiative (2) also thinks: "The mother of The Classic of Mountains and Seas may have pictures, and it (or its main part) is a book with pictures as its text (with pictures before texts). The ancient paintings were lost and the words were handed down, which is what we saw. " Liu Zongdi wrote: "The absurdity and myth of Hai Jing are closely related to the special origin of this book. The source of this book is unique among ancient books. To put it simply, this book is a work about painting, that is to say, the Sea Classic we see today is a picture first, then a book, and the contents in the book are a portrayal of the contents in a painting. The characters in Shan Hai Jing are characterized by less static description, more dynamic description, more spatial orientation and less time process. In fact, predecessors have long noticed this point, and Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, was the first to point it out. However, predecessors have the same misunderstanding on this point, that is, the whole Shan Hai Jing, including Shan Hai Jing, has pictures. In fact, it is impossible to draw all-encompassing knowledge of natural history like Mountain Classic, not to mention it records the sounds and habits of many animals. How are these contents represented by pictures? Unless there was such multimedia technology in ancient times. However, the picture that Hai Jing relied on has long been lost. The Classic of Mountains and Seas that we saw today is illustrated, which is strange and dazzling. It's just that later generations added it according to the contents of the book, which is completely different from the ancient paintings I said. "
Second, The Classic of Mountains and Seas retains a large number of ancient historical materials.
Shan Hai Jing has always been regarded as "absurd" by most people. Even Sima Qian, a historian who dared to break the shackles of Shangshu and push the ancient history of China to Emperor Yanhuang, said that "I dare not say the monsters in Yu Benji and Shan Hai Jing". The reason for this view seems to be related to the writing process of Shan Hai Jing from pictures to characters. For example, "Overseas East longitude" is recorded in the north, with two songs each. One is in the north of the country of scholars. " According to the writing process of Shan Hai Jing, there is a rainbow in the north of Scholar's Country in Shan Hai Jing Tu, indicating that rainbows are often seen there. The hieroglyphics at that time should be similar to the rainbow characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, both of which are the images of a rainbow with two heads (see Xiong's Shuo Wen Jie Zi). Later, when the ancients wrote Shan Hai Jing according to the map of Shan Hai Jing, hundreds of years passed, and the author was not necessarily a philologist. At this time, the rainbow character of the rainbow has become a "work bug", so the rainbow is described as a rainbow, and I hope that Wen will describe it as "each has two poems", so that future generations will not know whether it is a rainbow on the horizon or a monster with only two heads. So even Sima Qian said, "I dare not speak. "
It is also the absurdity of the so-called Shan Hai Jing. For thousands of years, this book has neither been recorded in official history nor circulated by various schools of thought, so it has rarely been changed by later generations, and has largely preserved its original features and many precious ancient materials and information.
Thirdly, Shan Hai Jing is related to the Yi people in the East.
Jin Rongquan pointed out in the article "A Textual Research on the Emperor and His Gods": "The emperor is a mysterious god in ancient China mythology. His deeds have not been recorded in the official history, nor have they been spread by other scholars. They only exist in Shan Hai Jing, especially in the Wild and Inland classics. Investigating its origin and vein, it is obvious that it does not belong to the lineage of Yandi or Huangdi. It is the third lineage that coexists with the two lineages of Yan and Huang. There are different opinions about the position of Emperor Jun among the ancient gods in China today. But it is generally believed that the emperor is the ancestor of the ancient oriental nation. This view is consistent, because the place where the emperor lived and the country of his descendants recorded in Shan Hai Jing are mostly in the East.
Xu Xusheng said: "Di Jun is the most prominent figure in Shan Hai Jing. There are as many as sixteen things about him (in the classics, only Emperor Zhuan Xu has as many as seventeen things, but he has seen three things about the burial place of Mrs. Jiu, and only fifteen things are left. In addition, there are ten things about Huangdi, four things about Yan Di, three things about Di Ku, two things about Yaodi, eight things about Shun Di, Danzhu, Di Jiang and Di Hong. The rest of the people don't have an emperor's name). Through these sixteen stories of Di Jun, we can see that, firstly, he is omniscient, east and west, north and south; Second, almost all the important inventions in ancient times came from his descendants; Third, many clans, including Ji, Jiang and Yao, were separated by him. Fourth, the sun is his son and the moon is his daughter. Under him, there are "a face, a dog's ear, a beast's body, two green snakes, named Shebi corpse" and "colorful bird".
Liu Xiang (Xin) in the Western Han Dynasty said in the Table of Shan Hai Jing: "The people who wrote Shan Hai Jing, when they left Tang Yu, ... left Kyushu as a tribute and benefited from other things such as good and evil. Writing Shan Hai Jing was mostly said by later generations. According to the preface of Bi Yuan's New Edition of Shan Hai Jing in Qing Dynasty, Shan Hai Jing is said to be "written in Yu Yi and described in Qin Zhou". But later generations think that Shan Hai Jing was not written by one person, but by Zhou people, Qi people and Chu people. Liu Zongdi believes that although "the ancients' statements about Yu Yi's Classic of Mountains and Seas are not credible, they are not necessarily groundless". Since ancient times, "gods do not classify, and people do not worship non-races." Some historical materials in The Classic of Mountains and Seas, especially the humanistic, historical and geographical materials reflecting the deeds of the emperor's great power, came from the nation of Boyi or Dongyi Boyi, so there should be no big mistake.
Fourthly, Shan Hai Jing consists of two parts.
Gu (8) thinks: "The Classic of Mountains and Seas has been handed down to this day, and the Classic of Mountains and Seas is integrated into one; Sea Classics can be divided into two categories, one is the foreign four classics and the domestic four classics, the other is the wild four classics and the domestic four classics. The two sets of records are almost the same, and they are all illustrated by a picture. So it can be said that it is two records of one thing. " Modern research agrees with this view. Wang Ning said in the Division of Mountains and Seas Classics that "the Wild Four Classics is actually another version of the overseas Four Classics". Therefore, in the textual research of Shan Hai Jing, wild east longitude and overseas east longitude can confirm each other.
Fifth, the order of geographical description in Shan Hai Jing is different from the present order.
The sequence of Shan Hai Jing is south, west, north and east, which may be related to the ancient custom of "Far North". In other words, the ancient map of mountains and seas is different from the current geographical map in orientation. Take the overseas Tang Valley King in East longitude as an example: "Black is red in the north and black in the north, eating rice snakes, one red and one green, beside. On the one hand, in northern Shu Hai, people are blackheads, eat rice to make snakes, and a snake is red. " . Hao Yixing said, "When it gets dark, you should take your teeth off. Wang Yi noticed that Chu Ci called a soul cloud: "Hei Chi, his teeth are all black. Gao's "Huainan Falling Training" says: "He is a black fool who eats rice and spits snakes, but he is in the Tang Valley. "This is a proof that there are teeth in ancient books." Tangguxia. There is a hibiscus flower in the Tang Valley where I bathed for ten days, which is in the north of Blackpool. Living in the water, there are big trees, No.9 lives in the lower branch, and 1 lives in the upper branch. "
The above records clearly show that in the map of mountains and seas, Heichizhou is on the top (south) of the map and Tanggu is on the bottom (north) of Heichizhou. This provides direction coordinates for the textual research of Shan Hai Jing.
What does Shan Hai Jing contain?
Sima Qian first mentioned Shan Hai Jing. In the Biography of Historical Records in Dawan, he said that the contents in Yu Benji and Shan Hai Jing were too absurd to be used as a reference in making history. It is pointed out in the Biography of Dawan that The Classic of Mountains and Seas is inconsistent with the actual geography at that time.
Liu Xin, the first person in the Western Han Dynasty to sort out the Classic of Mountains and Seas, thinks that this book was written in the Three Dynasties in his Table of Mountains and Seas. He said that the book "Shan Hai Jing" was produced in Yao Shunyu's era ... It was written by dividing the world into Kyushu, Yi and the essence of everything. Liu Xin's statement was influenced by Liezi. In Lie Zi Wu, Xia Ge answered Tang's questions and mentioned the five mountains and their specialties, as well as strange things, similar to the way in which Shan Hai Jing recorded geography, specialties and monsters. At the same time, Liezi also said that these monsters were seen by Dayu when he was managing water and traveling around the world. His servant Boming knew about these monsters, and Yi Jian wrote them down when he heard about them. So this statement influenced Liu Xin's above assertion. Later, Wang Chong's Lun Heng Bie Tong Quan and Zhao Wei's Wu Yue Chun Qiu both held this view.
It was written by Chu people and Bashu people from the middle and late Warring States to the early Han Dynasty. Modern China scholars generally believe that The Classic of Mountains and Seas was not written for a while, nor was it written by one person. It's an ancient absurd book, and some people think it's an ancient landscape. They were edited by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty. Hu Yinglin, a poet in the Song Dynasty, thought that this book was "a successful work of Zhuang Lie Li Sao Zhou Shu Jincheng Miscellaneous Notes".
There are 18 articles in the book, and the Mountain Classic is a group of five articles, focusing on mountains and rivers in all directions. The narrative content includes ancient history, vegetation, birds and beasts, myths and religions. According to the orientation order of south, west, north, east and middle, each article is divided into several sections, and the previous section and the latter section are connected by related sentences, which makes the relationship between the sections very clear.
The five overseas classics in Hai Jing are a group, which mainly records the strange faces of overseas countries. There are five chapters in Haineijing, which mainly records the magical things in the sea, and five chapters in Yejing, which mainly records many important mythological materials related to Huangdi, Nuwa and Dayu, reflecting the heroic spirit of the Chinese nation. The organizational structure of each group on the sea classics has its own beginning and end, running through it, with an outline and a purpose. In addition to geographical location, it also records the appearance and customs of people from distant countries. 18 Haineijing is a summary of the geographical situation of Shanhaijing, which summarizes the geographical division, mountain system, water system and development zone distribution of China. Crop production; The invention of the well; Musical instrument production; National migration; River basin development and the basic pattern of Chinese mainland's stable development.
The book Shan Hai Jing records about 40 countries, 550 mountains, 300 waterways, more than 65,438+000 historical figures and more than 400 monsters. Books usually record these things one by one according to the region. Most of the recorded things started from the south (wild classics started from the east, so some scholars think that the orientation order of south, west, north and east is the same as that of ancient times, so wild classics started from the east, which may be revised and adjusted by later generations), then went west, then went north, and finally reached the central part of the mainland (Kyushu). Kyushu is surrounded by China's East Sea, West Sea, South China Sea and North Sea.
There are always different opinions about the geographical scope and related facts involved in Shan Hai Jing. Many scholars believe that it is a documentary record after a national geographical survey, some of which can be determined, such as the Yellow River, Weihe River and Huashan Mountain. Their geographical location is generally consistent with reality. In fact, even the Five Zang Mountain Classics do not conform to the overall pattern and actual mountains and rivers. So far, no one has been able to combine these mountains and rivers convincingly. Even when Sima Qian was writing Historical Records, he thought that the contents in Yu Benji and Shan Hai Jing were too absurd to be used as a reference for making history. It is pointed out in the Biography of Dawan that The Classic of Mountains and Seas is inconsistent with the actual geography at that time. However, some of the mountains and rivers described in the Five Zang Mountain Classics exist, especially the mountains in the Zhongshan Classics. The Five Tibetan Mountain Classics (Mountain Classics) was originally based on some real mountains and rivers, but in the barren polar regions, there is nothing we can do, and we can only make it up by imagination. When the Qing people compiled Sikuquanshu, they said it was the originator of straight novels. Into the history department, not allowed "; So I changed it to the novelist class of the deputy department.