the opium war

1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.

2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.

3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.

Lesson 2 The Crime of Foreign Powers Invading China during the Second Opium War

1.1856-1860, in order to further open the market in China, the British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War. After occupying Beijing, they set fire to Yuanmingyuan.

2. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).

3.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.

Lesson 3 Recovering Xinjiang

As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then south, slowly advancing and rushing out" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government set up a province in Xinjiang in 1884.

Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War

1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, it signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.

Lesson 5 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

1.1In the spring of 900, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.

2. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization

Lesson 6 Westernization Movement

1. 19 During the 1960s and 1990s, the Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners" took "striving for self-improvement" as the slogan in the early stage, and adopted western advanced production technology to establish a number of modern military industries, such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. Later, some civilian industries were set up under the slogan of "seeking wealth", such as the establishment of Li Hongzhang in Shanghai. Hubei textile layout and so on. In the 1970s and 1980s, three navies, namely, the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian, were formed. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1938+0862, which is the first new school founded by the Westernization School.

2. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on)

Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement

1.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" opened the prelude to the political reform.

2.1From June to September, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated a series of decrees, the content of which (P33): it is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.

Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution

1. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary group, the Zhong Xing Society. 1905 Established a unified revolutionary organization, China League, with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister, and adopted the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic republic and reforming the land system. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.

2. 19 1 1 The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.

Lesson 9 New Culture Movement

1. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, set off a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.

2. 19 18. Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.

3. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the absolute negation or affirmation of the eastern and western cultures in the New Culture Movement influenced the later.

Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution

The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of China Producers' Party.

1.1965438+On May 4, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside, excluding national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

2.1921July The first congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted the party's program, and determined that the party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize * * * productism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.

3. 1922. The Second National Congress of communist party, China decided that the party's democratic revolutionary program is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.

Northern Expedition (1926-1927)

Huangpu Military Academy was founded in 1. 1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.

2. 1926, the Northern Expedition of Guangdong National Government, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.

3. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie. It relies on imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.

A single spark can start a prairie fire.

1.1927 August1day, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.

2.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the rural areas with weak enemy forces, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.

The Red Army is not afraid of expeditions.

From 1. 1934 10 to 1936 10, the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and carry out the Long March after failing to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression".

2. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution. This is the history of the party.

On the way of Long March, we crossed Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second Front Army, the Red Fourth Front Army and the Red First Army joined forces and declared the victory of the Long March over. The victory of the Long March shattered the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation

Unforgettable September 18

1. 193 1 When the September 18th Incident broke out, Chiang Kai-shek asked Zhang Xueliang, who was stationed in the northeast, to implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces were all occupied in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.

2. After the September 18th Incident, China put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the national government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted China's * * * and launched the "Xi Incident" in June1938+February 12 in order to force Jiang to resist Japan.

Better be dead than conquered people.

1. 1937, the Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which caused the July 7th Incident in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country, and Pingjin fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.

2.1937 65438+February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.

Build the Great Wall with flesh and blood

1. During the all-round anti-Japanese war, the Eighth Route Army led by Zhong * * * achieved a "great victory in Pingxing Pass", which was the first great victory since the anti-Japanese war; In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.

2. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,1April 945, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an. The meeting mainly discussed the important issue of winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and what road China will take after the victory. Formulated the party's political line: mobilize the masses freely, defeat the Japanese aggressors, liberate the people of the whole country, and establish a new-democratic China under the leadership of the China Production Party.

3.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.

Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War

Civil war bonfire

1. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch a civil war against the people. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. From August +0945 to June +00, in order to strive for domestic peace as much as possible, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang.

2.1In June, 946, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.

3.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led the troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.

Strategic Armageddon

From1.1September 1948 to1June 1949, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people in small cars), and basically liberated the whole North China in early 1949. The victories in the three major battles of 46860.668686666 (P98) wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.

2.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.

Unit 6 Economic and Social Life

The Development of Modern National Industry in China

Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry" when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis after the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, and set up a series of enterprises such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.

Lesson 20 Changes in Social Life

The most famous Chinese newspaper is Shenbao, 1872 was founded in Shanghai. The Commercial Press, 1897, established in Shanghai, is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.

Unit 7 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture

Lesson 265438 +0 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)

Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Zhangjing Railway, which was the first railway designed and built by China people themselves.

2. Hou, who uncovered the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".

3. The representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times are Wei Yuan and Yan Fu. Wei Yuan compiled a book called Seaside Map, which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compiling was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills in controlling foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the Theory of Natural Evolution, stating that "natural selection is the only way to survive".

Lesson 22 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)

1. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.

2. 1905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.

3. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.

Chapter I Vast Territory

1. From the eastern and western hemispheres, she is located in the eastern hemisphere, and from the northern and southern hemispheres, she is located in the northern hemisphere.

Judging from the location of the mainland and the ocean, she is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

5. China has a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers, with 15 neighboring countries.

6. The coastline of Chinese mainland is over18,000 kilometers, and there are six countries across the sea from China: Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.

7. From north to south, the endangered seas in China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.

8. There are Yanchang Yantian, the largest Yantian in China, in the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

9. The administrative regions of the country are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township.

10, China has 34 provincial administrative regions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.

1 1, the total population of China is129.5 billion, which is characterized by a large population base and rapid population growth.

12, in order to make population growth adapt to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, the Chinese government regards the implementation of family planning as a basic national policy.

13, the population distribution in China is uneven, and the population density in the eastern region is high, especially in the southeast coast; The population density in the western region is small.

14, the population dividing line of China is from Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province.

15, the most populous province in China and the largest Xinjiang province.

16. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

17, Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

18 residential distribution has the characteristics of large mixed residence and small settlement.

20. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and establishes organs of self-government, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2 1. The topography of western China is dominated by mountains, plateaus and basins, while the eastern part is dominated by plains and hills. Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, with a three-stage distribution.

22. The first step The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, which is called the roof of the world.

23. The dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

24. The four plateaus are: Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; Great basin is: Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin; The three plains are: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.

25. The characteristic texture of the Loess Plateau is loose, there is no vegetation cover here, soil erosion is serious, ravines are vertical and horizontal, the characteristic ground of the Inner Mongolia Plateau is flat and boundless, the characteristic glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are widely distributed, and the characteristic ground of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged.

26. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas are collapses, landslides and mudslides.

27. To develop mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment.

28. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about two-thirds of the national territory.

29. In winter, the temperature in the south and the north of China is quite different. In summer, the temperature is generally high in most places.

1October 30,65438 0℃ isotherm is distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line.

3 1. The coldest place in winter is Mohe in Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang.

32. Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are the so-called "three furnaces" in China.

33. The main index of dividing temperature zone is active accumulated temperature.

34. China is divided into five temperate zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. There is also a plateau climate zone with high terrain, cold climate and vast area.

35. The general trend of annual precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

37. The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there.

38. The division of dry and wet areas is based on the degree of dry and wet climate. The four major dry and wet areas in China are humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.

39. The main reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in China are latitude position and winter wind.

40. The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area is Daxinganling, Yinshan, Helan, Bayan Kara and Gangdise.

42. The biggest advantage of monsoon climate is that rain and heat are in the same period, but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, flood and drought and typhoon.

43. Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, mainly comes from the melting water of ice and snow in Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain. Flowing rivers, such as the Yangtze River, mainly come from natural precipitation.

44. The longest and earliest artificial river in the world is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

45. Bayan Kara, the birthplace of the Yellow River, flows into the Bohai Sea.

46. Ningxia Plain has the reputation of "Jiangnan in the world".

47. The dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River is the estuary, and the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches is Jin Meng.

48. The riverbed of the lower Yellow River gradually rises and becomes an "overground river".

49. After the Yellow River flows through the middle reaches, it produces the most sediment, because the terrain it flows through is the Loess Plateau.

50. The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula Mountain and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest amount of water and the widest drainage area in China, and is known as "water treasure house" and "golden waterway".

5 1, Yichang, the dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Hukou and the middle and lower reaches.

52. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. Yibin city is navigable in the following four seasons.

53. Jingjiang River is known as the "nine-bend ileum", which is the regulation measure of this river section, that is, cutting and bending to get straight.

54. The three major sources in the plain area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main tributaries above Yichang, the two major water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

55. For renewable resources, if we use them rationally and pay attention to their protection and cultivation, we can achieve sustainable utilization. We should cherish and economize on the use of non-renewable resources.

56. China's natural resources are characterized by abundant gross and insufficient per capita.

57. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to land use and land use status.

58. China's per capita land resources are few, and the proportion of various land resources is not reasonable. Mainly there are less cultivated land, more forest land and insufficient land that is difficult to use, especially the contradiction between reserve land resources and people and cultivated land is particularly prominent.

59. China's cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region with humid climate, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland area with annual average precipitation less than 400 mm.

60. Man-made destruction of land resources includes soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

6 1, a basic national policy of land resources is to cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.

62. The water on the earth is 97% seawater and 2.5% fresh water.

63. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are glaciers at poles and mountains, and most of the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

64. China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russian Federation, Canadian, American and Indonesian, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average.

65. In terms of time distribution, precipitation is concentrated in summer and less in winter and spring. Take measures to effectively adjust the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity and build reservoirs;

66. In terms of spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and deficient in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China, which further aggravates the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer.

67. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, where water shortage is serious.

In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, saving water is particularly important.

Chapter IV Economic Development of China

69. The "vanguard" of economic development is transportation.

70. The four famous "rice markets" in the history of China are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

7 1. Among all kinds of transportation routes, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The railway that passes through Tibet Province is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

72. Most valuable or urgently needed goods are transported by air in small quantities.

73. Goods that are easily damaged or deteriorated are mostly transported by road.

74. For bulk heavy goods and long-distance transportation, waterway transportation and railway transportation are generally selected.

75. Agricultural production sectors include planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries.

76. Agriculture is the basic industry that supports national economic construction and people's development.

77. Natural grasslands are widely distributed in the western region, and there are four pastoral areas in China: Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.

78. Forestry is concentrated in northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most accessible areas for freshwater fisheries in China.

79. The announcement of rice and wheat in food crops presents a pattern of "rice in the south and wheat in the north".

80. Oil production has formed two major producing areas: the Yangtze River rape belt and the Huanghuai peanut area.

8 1, sugar crops show obvious distribution characteristics of "Longnan and North Sweet".

82. Cotton production is mainly in the north, forming three major cotton regions: southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin.

83. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy.

84. Zhongguancun is the earliest high-tech experimental zone in China.

85. Main features of high-tech industries 1. Among the employees, scientific and technological personnel account for a large proportion. 2。 In sales revenue, R&D expenses account for a large proportion, 3. Product update is fast.

86. High-tech production is an industry dominated by electronics and information industry.

87. China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

88. To develop agriculture according to local conditions, on the one hand, we should consider the differences of natural environment, on the other hand, we should consider the constraints of social and economic conditions.

1. What are the advantages of China's geographical location? P3

2. How much do you know about the living customs of ethnic minorities? P 17

3. What influence does the topography have on the climate, river flow direction and east-west traffic in China? P23

4. What measures should be taken to control the Yellow River flood in the upper, middle and lower reaches?

5. What are the characteristics of the climate in China?

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mountainous areas? P30

7. What are the effects of different temperature zones on our production and life? P34

8. What impact does the difference between dry and wet areas have on our production and life? P37

9. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of land resources in China? P67

10, Problems and Countermeasures of Agricultural Development in China? P 105

1 1. What are the geographical conditions for "the eastern coastal developed areas should actively develop export-oriented agriculture"? P 107

12, the characteristics of high-tech industries? P 1 13

13, summarize the important maps and knowledge points of this issue by yourself! !

Final review of biology in the first volume of the eighth grade

1. At present, there are about1.50,000 known species of animals. These animals can be divided into two categories: one is vertebrates, which have thorns in their bodies; The other is invertebrate, which has no spine in its body.

2. Biodiversity: 1, species diversity; 2. Diversity of living environment; 3, 00 the diversity of sports modes.

3. The reason why fish can survive in water is that two characteristics are very important: (1) it can get food by swimming and defend against enemies; (2) can breathe in water.

4. The structure that fish can overcome resistance in water: streamlined (spindle-shaped) body; The body surface secretes mucus.

When a fish swims, it relies on the left and right swinging of its tail on its trunk to generate the power to move forward. It relies on dorsal fin, pectoral fin, ventral fin and gluteal fin to keep balance, and caudal fin to keep the direction of progress.

6. When it is difficult to do experiments directly with the research object, sometimes experiments are done with the model, that is, imitating the experimental object to do the model, or imitating some conditions of the experiment. Such an experiment is called a simulation experiment.

7. Various fins play an auxiliary and coordinating role in sports.

8. Gills are the respiratory organs of fish.

9. There are abundant capillaries on the gills, so the gills are bright red.

10, gill filaments are many and thin, which is beneficial to full gas exchange in order to expand the contact area with water. Gills do not easily absorb oxygen in the air. After the fish left the water, the gill filaments covered each other, which reduced the contact area with the air and could not get enough oxygen from the air, so they died of lack of oxygen.

1 1, fish gills are very important for breathing in water: gills are bright red and contain rich capillaries; Branchial filaments are many and thin.

12. Water flows in from the fish mouth and out from the rear edge of gill cover.

13. In the water flowing from fish gills, oxygen decreases and carbon dioxide increases.

14, O2-in gas exchange water-in the capillary of gill filament.

Carbon dioxide in gill filament water

15, the main characteristics of fish: there are often scales on the body surface, breathing through gills, swimming through the swing of tail and the coordination of fins.

16, mouth without anus, food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residue is still excreted through the mouth. These animals are called coelenterates.

17. Animals with soft bodies and shells are called mollusks.

18. Animals with hard armor are called crustaceans. Crustaceans breathe through gills.

19, coelenterates, mollusks and crustaceans are invertebrates.

20. All kinds of creatures in water are an important part of aquatic ecosystem. They form a close and complicated connection through food chain and food web, and at the same time, they are all influenced by aquatic environment. The change of their species and the increase or decrease of their quantity will affect human life.

2 1. Compared with the water environment, the land environment is much more complicated. (1) is relatively dry; (2) The temperature difference between day and night is large; (3) Insufficient buoyancy in water; (4) gaseous oxygen; (5) The land environment is complex and changeable.

22. Adaptation of animals living on land to environment: 1. Generally, there is a structure to prevent water loss; 2. Not affected by the buoyancy of water, there are generally organs that support the body and exercise. Used for crawling, walking, jumping, running, crawling and other sports modes to eat and avoid the enemy; 2. Generally, various respiratory organs are located inside the body and can breathe air, such as trachea and lungs; 4. Generally, there are developed sensory organs and nervous system, which can respond to the changing environment in time.

Annelids are not mollusks, annelids are invertebrates.

24. Animals whose bodies are composed of many similar annular segments are called annelids.

25. Earthworms live in humid soil rich in humus, because they are cold-blooded animals with little temperature change and are suitable for earthworms to live.

26, body segmentation can make the earthworm's body movement flexible.

27. Earthworms rely on muscle contraction and relaxation, bristle support and fixed movement.

28. Earthworms have no special respiratory system. Earthworms' breathing depends on the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. The earthworm's body wall is densely covered with capillaries, and the oxygen in the air first dissolves in the mucus on the body surface, then penetrates into the body wall and then enters the capillaries on the body wall. Carbon dioxide in the body is also discharged from the body surface through capillaries in the body wall.

29. Earthworms can't keep a constant body temperature and can only live in deep soil with little temperature change.