Newton's three laws of motion
universal gravitation
optics
calculus
Newton's three laws of motion
The first law is the law of inertia, which simply says, "Unless an external force is applied, a stationary object will remain stationary forever; Objects moving in a straight line at the same speed will also keep running. "
The second law, F=ma, is simply that "when an object is subjected to an external force, it will move faster in the direction of this force. The greater the force, the faster the speed." .
The third law points out that "every force acting on an object will simultaneously produce a reaction force of equal magnitude and opposite direction". This law is also called "action and reaction".
universal gravitation
Newton also made a great discovery, that is, he discovered gravity. In fact, the concept of gravity has long been discovered and put forward. Some scientists at Newton's time tried to prove the existence of gravity, but only Newton proved that gravity applies to all objects by mathematical principles, and the gravity on the earth is the same as that between objects. After Newton established gravity, scientists can easily explain precession and parallax.
optics
Before Newton left Cambridge, he became interested in the nature of white light because he made a telescope and did experiments. He used a glass prism to divide sunlight into seven colors of rainbows, and then used another prism to restore it to white light; Light is a mixture of many colors, and there is dispersion phenomenon. The lens of the telescope has not been corrected for chromatic aberration, which makes the edge of the image have color. For this reason, Newton thought that the refractive telescope could not be achromatic, so in 167 1, he made the first reflective telescope with a diameter of only 2.5 cm and exhibited it at the Royal Society of London. Because of this important discovery, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society at 1672. He published a book called "
Archimedes was a great mathematician and mechanic in ancient Greece. Born in Syracuse, Sicily in about 287 BC, he died in the same place in 2 12 BC.
Archimedes studied with Euclid's students in Alexandria, the cultural center at that time. There is no detailed record about his life, but many stories about him are widely circulated. He established the law of leverage and said, "Give me a fulcrum and I can move the earth"; Archimedes principle, the basic principle of hydrostatics, was discovered and used to identify crowns. Many war machines are designed to counter enemy attacks. ...
Later generations spoke highly of Archimedes, and often called him the greatest mathematician of all time with Newton and Gauss.
Gauss is a German mathematician, astronomer and physicist. He is regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians in history, as well as Archimedes and Newton.
Gauss 1977 was born in a craftsman's family in Brunswick on April 30th, and 1955 died in G? ttingen on February 23rd. When I was a child, my family was poor, but I was extremely smart. Before I went to school to receive an education, I was sponsored by a noble. From 1795 to 1798, I studied at the University of G? ttingen, and 1798 transferred to Helmstadter University. The following year, he received his doctorate for proving the basic theorem of algebra. From 1807, he served as a professor at the University of G? ttingen and director of the G? ttingen Observatory until his death.
Gauss's achievements cover all fields of mathematics, and he has made pioneering contributions in number theory, non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, hypergeometric series, complex variable function theory, elliptic function theory and so on. He attached great importance to the application of mathematics, and emphasized the use of mathematical methods in the research of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism.
Euler (leonhard euler 1707- 1783 Swiss) was born in April 1707 in Basel, Switzerland. His father, a country priest, likes mathematics very much and often tells some interesting mathematical stories to Euler, which makes Euler interested in mathematics very early.
/kloc-at the age of 0/3, Euler was admitted to university of basel as the youngest student in the school and soon became a favorite pupil of Professor john pohl. But Euler's father didn't want his son to study mathematics, and wanted to transfer Euler to the theology department so that he could easily find a decent job after graduation.
Johannes worked hard and was the most famous mathematician in Switzerland at that time, and personally urged Euler's father to change his mind. Since then, under the guidance of Johannes' efforts, Euler has firmly embarked on the road of devoting herself to mathematics.
Euler not only explored various fields of mathematics wearily, but even in the most detailed history of mathematics, it is difficult to enumerate Euler's contributions. Someone invented Euler's formula:
e^ix =cos x + isin x
It is one of the most outstanding formulas in mathematics, because when x =p (pi), this formula becomes
Ei P+ 1 = 0, which is closely related to the five most important numbers in mathematics: 1, 0, I, p, e.
Euler is a mathematician with high moral character. He corresponded with more than 300 scholars in Europe. In his letters, he often tells others his findings and inferences without reservation, creating conditions for others' success. 1958+0750, 19-year-old French youth Lagrange took the liberty to write to Euler to discuss the solution to the isoperimetric problem. Euler once pondered this question for a long time. When he found out,
What is particularly touching is that Euler has more than 400 papers and many mathematical works, all of which were completed at the end of 17 when he was completely blind.
As early as 1735, due to overwork, Euler suffered from a disease that led to blindness in his right eye. After 1766, his left eye was also blind. Euler silently endured the pain of blindness, struggled hard with amazing perseverance, and was determined to illuminate the way for others to explore deeply with his shining mathematical thought. Every year he shows himself to the world at the speed of 800 pages. It also solves some math problems. A fire at 177 1 reduced Euler's stacks and a large number of research results to ashes, and did not shake the determination of the mathematical giant at all.
Euler is also an enthusiastic educator. He not only writes his own mathematics textbooks and popular science books for teenagers, but also often takes time to give lectures in universities and middle schools. 19438+0770, Euler was blind. Remember to write a comprehensive guide to algebra for students.
Euler lived in Russia for more than 30 years. He actively introduced advanced scientific knowledge into Russia, which has been closed and backward for a long time. He founded the first mathematics school in Russia-Euler School, and personally introduced a large number of Russian youth into the glorious mathematics hall. The Russian people are still deeply grateful for Euler's beautiful friendship. In many Soviet books, Euler is affectionately called "the great Russian mathematician".
1783, 18 One afternoon in September, Euler invited a friend to dinner to celebrate his successful calculation of the law of balloon rise. Shortly after Uranus was discovered, Euler wrote the essentials of calculating Uranus' orbit and laughed with his grandson. After drinking tea, he suddenly became ill and suffered from chest bleeding. His pipe fell from his hand, and Euler murmured, "I'm dead."
Second, the contribution and position in the history of mathematics:
1. Although Descartes, Newton, Cauchy and others didn't create new mathematics disciplines, it's hard to find a person in the history of mathematics who can connect all kinds of mathematics fields like Euler and get so many new mathematical achievements. Mathematics named after Euler includes euler theorem, Euler function, Euler number, Euler line, Euler angle, Euler diagram, Euler substitution and so on.
2. In the history of mathematics, people called18th century "Euler era". He, Archimedes, Newton and Gauss rank as the four great mathematicians.