When he was a teenager, he showed his artistic talent. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he went to Florence to study art and grew up to be a painter, sculptor, military engineer and architect with scientific literacy. 1482 was recruited to Milan, where he conducted creative and research activities in the noble court, and drifted from 15 13 to Rome and Florence.
1565438+lived in France in 2006.1565438+May 2, 2009 Leonardo da Vinci was the most famous Italian painter and scientist in the European Renaissance. He left behind many famous paintings handed down from ancient times and his research achievements in other scientific fields.
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He is brilliant, diligent and prolific, and his manuscript preserved to this day is about 6000 pages. Einstein thought that if Leonardo da Vinci's scientific research achievements were published at that time, science and technology could progress for 30-50 years.
Da Vinci (1April 23rd, 452 to1June 23rd, 565438+May 2nd, 2009, at the age of 67) achieved his greatest achievement in painting. His masterpieces, such as Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and Our Lady in the Rock, all reflect his exquisite artistic attainments.
Leonardo da Vinci believed that the most beautiful research object in nature is the human body, which is a wonderful work of nature, and painters should take people as the core of their painting objects.
Leonardo da Vinci's father is a legal notary in Florence. He is very rich. His mother Katrina was a peasant woman, and Leonardo da Vinci was their illegitimate child. Before he was five years old, he lived in Finch Village with his mother, and then he lived in Finch Town with his father, grandparents and uncle Francisco.
15 years old, studied in Florence, became a famous painter and sculptor with scientific literacy, and became a military engineer and architect. 1482 was recruited to Milan to carry out creative and research activities in the noble house. He has been wandering in Rome and Florence since 15 13. 15 16 years lived in France.
/kloc-Giorgio vasari, a biographer and painter of the Renaissance in the 6th century, described that a local farmer made a shield and asked Da Vinci's father Del Piero to paint on it. His son Leonardo da Vinci drew a monster with a burning tongue on it.
This painting is lifelike, which makes people feel terrible. Piero sold it to an art institution in Florence, which in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan. Then Piero bought a new shield for the farmer with the money he earned from the transfer of the painting. The shield was painted with a red heart pierced by an arrow.
When he was young, he was a handsome man and was famous in Florence, Italy. It is said that verrocchio, his teacher, carved the most beautiful and extraordinary bronze statue of David in the world based on Leonardo da Vinci. But there are rumors that he is not interested in women, so rumors about his homosexuality are flying all over the sky.
Left-handed, he wrote in mirror images all his life. For left-handed writers, it is easier to pull the pen from right to left than to push it from left to right, and it will not confuse the words just written. Therefore, his diary is mirror image.
Renaissance humanism has no extreme phenomenon that science and art are mutually exclusive.
Leonardo da Vinci's research on science and engineering is as unforgettable and outstanding as his works of art, and about 13000 pages of notes and paintings in the manuscript are mixed records of art and science. These records were constantly created by Leonardo da Vinci during his trip to Europe by observing the surrounding environment.
In science, Leonardo da Vinci is a meticulous observer, and he can express a phenomenon with very detailed descriptions. But it has not been verified by theory and experiment. It is said that Leonardo intends to publish a series of papers on various topics, but it has never been realized.
Leonardo da vinci began to understand human anatomy while studying under verrocchio. At that time, verrocchio insisted that all his disciples study anatomy. When leonardo da vinci became a successful artist, he got permission to dissect the human body at Santa Maria Nova Hospital in Florence. Then he worked in Maggiore Hospital in Milan and Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome (the first local hospital in Italy).
In 30 years, Leonardo da Vinci dissected 30 human bodies of different sexes and ages. During his cooperation with Dr. Thor, Leonardo da Vinci prepared to publish anatomical works and created more than 200 paintings. Besides the human body, Leonardo also dissected cows, birds, monkeys, bears and frogs for comparison of anatomical structures.
Leonardo da Vinci painted many figures of human bones and ilium, and he was also the first person to describe the double S shape of the spine in detail. He also studied the inclination of pelvis and sacrum, emphasizing that sacrum is not only a single shape, but also composed of five vertebrae. Leonardo da vinci can also show the skull shape and different cross-sectional views of the brain (cross section, longitudinal section and frontal section).
He painted many pictures, including lungs, mesentery, urethra, sex organs and even sexual intercourse. He was the first person to draw the fetus in the womb and the appendix in the abdominal cavity. In addition, Leonardo often described the muscles and tendons of the neck and shoulders. Leonardo da vinci's paintings even inspired a British heart surgeon, who took the lead in developing a new method to repair the damaged heart.
Leonardo da Vinci not only cared about body structure, but also cared about physiological function, which made him an anatomist and physiologist. He actively looks for people with obvious physical defects as models in order to draw funny pictures to highlight the significance of physiological functions. It is worth mentioning that Da Vinci can draw and write at the same time.
The research based on human anatomy also enabled Leonardo da Vinci to design the first robot in history. The design of this robot named Da Vinci may have been completed in 1495, but it was not discovered until 1950. I don't know if this design should be made three-dimensional.
Leonardo da vinci was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight. He made a detailed study of bird flight and planned several kinds of aircraft, including helicopter design drawings and light gliders. He once tested a homemade flying machine, but failed.
1502, Leonardo da Vinci drew a sketch of a bridge with a single span of 240 meters for the civil engineering project of Otto Sultan Bayeset II in Istanbul. This design intends to make the bridge cross the Golden Horn Bay at the mouth of Bosphorus.
However, it was not realized because Bayset II thought it could not be built. 200 1 Based on the design of Leonardo da Vinci, the bridge was put into practice in Norway as a small bridge by the Vibuqiong Sanda Da Vinci project. On May 17, 2006, the Turkish government decided to build the Da Vinci Bridge on the spot, spanning the Golden Horn Bay, so that the bridge was finally formed.
Leonardo da Vinci's research on water conservancy was a century earlier than that of Italian scholar Costelli. In order to remove the sediment, he made a construction plan for dredging the Yano River. He designed and personally presided over the canal irrigation project from Milan to pavia. Some reservoirs, sluices and dams he built facilitated farmland irrigation and promoted the development of agricultural production. Some water conservancy facilities are still in operation today.
Leonardo da Vinci inferred that the earth's crust had changed according to the fact that there were fossils of animals in the sea on the mountain, and pointed out that the traces of floods on the earth were proof of the changes of land and sea, which was quite similar to Hutton's discovery in geology 300 years later. Before Magellan sailed around the world, he calculated that the diameter of the earth was over 7000 miles.
Leonardo da Vinci held a negative attitude towards the traditional "geocentric theory". He believes that the earth is not the center of the solar system, let alone the center of the universe, but just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun itself does not move.
Leonardo also believed that the moon itself did not shine, but only reflected the brilliance of the sun. His idea was put forward earlier than Copernicus's "Heliocentrism", and even then, Leonardo da Vinci may have fantasized about using solar energy.
Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered the concept of liquid pressure and put forward the principle of communication device. He pointed out: in communication devices, the liquid level of the same liquid is the same, the liquid level of different liquids is different, and the height of liquid is inversely proportional to density.
15th century, he first began to study the theory of tribology between objects. He discovered the principle of inertia, which was later proved by Galileo's experiment. He believes that a projectile initially rises along an inclined straight line, makes a curve displacement under the mixed action of gravity and impulse, and finally runs out of impulse under the action of gravity and makes a vertical falling motion.
It also predicted the atomic principle of matter and vividly described the power of atomic energy: "That thing will explode from the ground, causing people to die suddenly in silent breathing, and the castle will be completely destroyed. It seems to have a strong destructive power in the air. "
Leonardo da Vinci emphasized that mechanics and mathematics are also the basis of natural science and studied many mechanical problems. According to his experiments and observations, he found that heavy objects fall along a straight line connected with the center of the earth, and the speed of falling is proportional to the same time.
In statics, he strictly defined the concept of moment: the balance between rod and street is "determined by their weight and distance from fulcrum", thus summarizing the general law of calculating geometric center of gravity. He already knows the parallelogram force law. When using this law to study the motion of heavy objects along an inclined plane, he correctly got the definition of friction.
In his observation notes, he wrote that objects "cannot move by themselves" ... every object has weight in its direction of motion. When an object moves, "the pressure on air is equal to the force on it." In fluid mechanics, he came to the conclusion that the velocity of a river is inversely proportional to the width of the river, and used this conclusion to explain the flow of blood in blood vessels.
1490, Leonardo da Vinci outlined the concept of continuously variable automatic transmission. Today, leonardo da vinci's concept of speed change is actually applied to automobiles in a modern form. In addition, continuously variable automatic transmission has been used in tractors, snowmobiles and scooters for many years.
Anyone who has seen the da Vinci code probably knows the da Vinci code tube. In fact, in the society at that time, people paid more and more attention to the confidentiality of documents. The cipher tube designed by Leonardo da Vinci is classical in shape, with Renaissance characteristics and elegant in design, which conforms to Leonardo da Vinci's wise style.
According to this story, there is papyrus in the crypt about the biggest secret of the priory and even the whole Christianity. There is a container full of vinegar in the password jar designed by Leonardo da Vinci. If the password cylinder is forcibly broken, vinegar will flow out to dissolve papyrus.
To open the password barrel, you must unlock a 5-digit password. There are five turntables on the cipher cylinder, each of which has 26 letters. As a cipher, there may be as many as 1 188 1376 combinations.
As Leonardo used to be a military engineer, his notes also included several designs of military machinery: machine guns, armed tanks pulled by manpower or horses, submunitions, military parachutes, diving suits made of pigskin with breathing hoses and so on. Later, however, he thought that war was the worst activity of mankind.
Other inventions include submarines, gear devices interpreted as the first mechanical computer, and the first programmable mobile robot misunderstood as a clockwork device.
In addition, during his years in the Vatican, Leonardo da Vinci planned to use solar energy and concave mirror to boil water. Although most of Leonardo's inventions were not realized in his lifetime, under the sponsorship of IBM, many models were actually made and exhibited in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum in Amboise.
Leonardo da Vinci said, "Painting is the only imitator of nature (nature here refers to everything). Painting contains all forms of nature, and it can vividly preserve the fleeting beauty in nature. " Painting can express our perception of nature more truly and accurately than language.
In Leonardo da Vinci's view, the process of human understanding of art and science is also "based on perceptual experience and the noblest feeling-vision", "all our knowledge comes from perception" and "painting is indeed a science and the legitimate daughter of nature".
It can be seen that Leonardo da Vinci's understanding of beauty is not only based on simple materialistic epistemology, but also has some characteristics that precede Descartes' "empiricism" epistemology, and this aesthetic thought also makes him accurately locate between reason and experience.
Leonardo da Vinci thought that "science is a general and practice is a soldier" and "what should a painter's heart be like? The painter's heart should be like a mirror, transforming itself into the color of objects and bringing it into the image of all objects in front of him truthfully. " At the same time, Leonardo da Vinci advocated that "painters compete with nature and surpass nature".
This shows that he has realized the problem of artistic idealization and typicality. In addition, Leonardo also opposed the artistic practice of abandoning rationality and attaching importance to experience. "A man who is keen to be divorced from science and specialize in practice is like a sailor who boarded a ship without a compass and rudder and never knew the direction of the ship.
Practice must always be based on a solid theoretical foundation. "This sentence is Leonardo da Vinci's best footnote on the relationship between reason and experience. Leonardo da Vinci has provided a brand-new scientific method and artistic practice view for the study of aesthetic theory since the Renaissance, which is one of his contributions to aesthetics.
When he studied art in the workshop, he showed extraordinary painting genius. About 1470 When he assisted verrocchio in drawing a picture of Christ's baptism, although he only drew an angel kneeling beside Christ, his expression, expression and gentle tone obviously surpassed that of verrocchio. It is said that verrocchio stopped painting for this reason.
His earliest surviving work, Informing of Pregnancy, was independently completed by Leonardo da Vinci without the guidance of a teacher. Apart from a little free thinking, the scene of this painting was conceived by Leonardo da Vinci following the general perspective painting method.
Later, the monastery of St. Bartolomeo in Olivier Peak also ordered this work. Later, he created Guinevere Banchi, which was contrary to the tradition of15th century that art pursued clear lines, and rendered the perspective effect he advocated with the hue of sunset. 148 1 The Doctor Comes to Worship (also translated as Three Kings Comes to Worship) marks the maturity of its artistic style.
Although this painting was not finished because he went to Milan, it can be seen from the original manuscript that its composition and image-building show artistic innovation far beyond his teachers and colleagues: the stable composition of the triangle composed of the virgin baby and three doctors, the accurate perspective of the architectural relics and the galloping horses.
It shows that he no longer simply lists relevant characters from the narrative point of view, but completely transforms the traditional theme. The dark painting method he adopted made the characters stand out from the shadows, broke through the characteristics clearly revealed in traditional painting, and heralded the arrival of the Renaissance.
1482, Leonardo da Vinci came to Milan, and at the invitation of St. Francis Church, he painted the altar painting "The Virgin of the Rock". This oil painting entitled "The Virgin Son and Saint Anne and St. John the Baptist" is now in the Louvre. The Last Supper is the most famous work of his period.
This wet mural shows the farewell scene of Christ to his disciples before his arrest and is painted on the dining room wall of Gracie Monastery in Milan. Its ingenious composition and unique layout make the hall on the screen closely connected with the building structure of the dining room in life, making the viewer feel that the scene in the painting seems to happen right in front of him.
In the layout of characters, Christ is placed in the form of a table, which makes him independent from the center of the picture. Other disciples expressed fear, anger, doubt, repentance and panic through their different expressions and gestures. This description of typical personality highlights the theme of painting and complements the unified effect of composition, which is the most perfect model in the history of art.
Leonardo da Vinci returned to Florence in 1500. With the restoration of the Republican system, the cultural atmosphere was once active, and outstanding figures such as Michelangelo and Raphael appeared in the painting world. Leonardo da vinci began to create Madonna, Santa Anna and St John for the main altar of Lanzetta Cathedral.
He showed the public a well-conceived sketch of the Virgin and Santa Anna and St John, which immediately caused a sensation. Its composition principle and painting method have a great influence on the art world, and Michelangelo and Raphael are also inspired by it.
/kloc-in 0/503, he began to paint the mural "Battle of Anglia" for the city hall, and at the same time he created "Mona Lisa and the Virgin" and "Santa Anna and St. John" (hereinafter referred to as "Virgin and Santa Anna"). These two paintings, together with St. John the Baptist, became his most cherished works, and they always accompanied him. In his later years, he moved to France and stayed in Paris.
The prototype of Mona Lisa is the Duchess of Venice. At that time, the Duke of Venice asked Leonardo da Vinci to paint a portrait of his wife. After the painting was finished, leonardo da vinci packed it overnight because he liked it so much that he ran away with his servant. Mona Lisa's right hand is called "the most beautiful hand in art history".
Leonardo da Vinci was invited to France by French King Francois I in his later years. Francois I gave him the highest reception, placed him at crookes Manor in Amboise Castle, and consulted him from time to time. 1565438+On May 2, 2009, Da Vinci died of illness. It is said that he swallowed his last breath in the arms of Francois I who came here.
His favorite student, Francisco Merz, who entrusted him with all his paintings and a large number of manuscripts before his death, said: "The death of Leonardo da Vinci is everyone's loss, and the creator is unable to recreate a genius like him."
"God sometimes endows a person with beauty, elegance and talent, which makes his behavior superior, indicating that his genius comes from God rather than human power. That's what Leonardo did. His elegance and grace are unparalleled, and his wisdom can solve all problems. " This is a tribute to Da Vinci by Renaissance biographer vasari.
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