In 6 18 AD, the Tang Dynasty was established, and the leader of the ethnic minorities, Xian Hongda, was appointed as the secretariat. In 730 A.D., after Nanzhao unified the "Six Letters", Nanzhao regime was established in Erhai area. In 738 A.D., the Tang Dynasty canonized Nanzhao Piluoge as "King of Yunnan".
By the time of Emperor Taizong, the counties set up in Yunnan in the Tang Dynasty had recovered to the scale of the Han and Jin Dynasties. Nanzhao regime made slaves build many famous city gardens and stupa temples, such as Three Pagodas in Dali, Tunxi Temple Pagoda in Kunming, Gaohe Irrigation Project in Cangshan, Jinzhi River and Yin Zhi River Water Conservancy Project in Kunming, which became the heyday of land development in ancient Yunnan.
After the continuous construction of roads in the past dynasties, in the Tang Dynasty, mainland materials such as Shu cloth and bamboo poles were continuously transported to South Asia through Yunnan.
West Asia formed the famous "Southern Silk Road".
In A.D. 1274, the Yuan Dynasty established "Yunnan as a book province", and since then, "Yunnan" has started to go down in history as a provincial-level division name. At that time, the famous politician Saidian Chi Justine served as the governor of Yunnan Province and moved the provincial government from Dali to Zhongqing.
(Kunming).
Kunming, as the capital of Yunnan, also started from the Yuan Dynasty. In Ming Dynasty, the imperial court abolished "running the province" and established "Yunnan Undertaking Publicity and Production Bureau" (equivalent to the provincial government). At the same time, the "command and envoy department" and "presentation and envoy department" are set up, which are collectively called "three departments" and the three powers are separated. Under the chief secretary, there are three levels: government, state and county. The basic rule of governing Yunnan and appointing officials in the Ming Dynasty was that "no soil flowed outside the Three Rivers and no soil flowed inside the Three Rivers" ("Three Rivers" refers to Lancang River, Nujiang River and Honghe River), that is, the state, county and county orders located in the mainland were appointed by the court and had a term of office (flowing officials); Chiefs of prefectures, prefectures, counties, propaganda departments and appeasement departments located in remote or ethnic minority areas are ethnic minority leaders, who can be hereditary (local officials) or mobile officials, supplemented by local officials, and the chieftain system is formally established. The chieftain system of "officials governing the people" implemented in border minority areas in Yuan and Ming Dynasties was the development of feudal ethnic policy.
In the Ming Dynasty, handicrafts and commerce in Yunnan, especially mining and metallurgy, developed rapidly, and the output of silver and copper ranked first in the country, "the output of eight provinces was half that of Yunnan".
Following the Ming system, the Qing Dynasty set up a department to undertake propaganda and deployment of political affairs, which consisted of prefectures, prefectures and counties. In some areas, the policy of "changing land to flow" is implemented, the privilege of chieftain is abolished, and officials are appointed to rule. In remote areas, the chieftain system is still implemented.
After the Opium War, France forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-French Vietnam Treaty. Yunnan is included in the sphere of influence of France. Starting from 1889, Mengzi, Manhao and Hekou were successively classified as commercial ports, and Kunming changed from 1905 to commercial ports. The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway was completed on 19 10, and Yunnan Daxi and other materials were mainly exported through the railway. After the Revolution of 1911, the government, the ministry and the state were abolished, only the county was retained, and the chieftain system was still retained in some border areas. 17, waste roads and establish provinces. Yunnan played an important role in overthrowing the feudal monarchy of the Qing Dynasty and establishing and maintaining a democratic republic. There was the Hekou Uprising in 1907, the Chongyang Uprising in191year, and the national protection movement in 19 16 years, which formed the momentum of "taking a corner as the first priority". After the national protection movement, Yunnan was ruled by warlords.
During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Yunnan became the rear area of the national anti-Japanese war and the base of enterprise relocation and wartime industrial development. 1938
In, famous universities such as Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai University moved south to form Southwest United University. Progressive teachers and students with the May 4th and December 9th revolutionary traditions and patriots from all sides gathered in Kunming, and the anti-Japanese national salvation movement in Yunnan became more vigorous. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, Yunnan, with a population of only/kloc-0.0 million, sent more than 200,000 children to fight bloody battles to save the nation from peril. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan made great contributions, namely, building the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway. Myanmar Highway runs from Kunming to Wan Ding, with a total length of 950.4 kilometers. Passing through mountains, rapids and canyons along the way, there are 529 bridges and 443 culverts/kloc-0. Expressway 1937 to 65438+started in February and opened to traffic in August. 1938. More than 65,438+10,000 migrant workers of all ethnic groups were dispatched, and more than 3,000 migrant workers were sacrificed, resulting in work-related disability 1 10,000. After the coastal ports were occupied by the Japanese army, the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway became an important international traffic line.
The artery supporting the war of resistance. The Central Committee spoke highly of Yunnan's sacrifice and contribution in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Commander-in-Chief Zhu De said in his letter to Long Yun on August 20, 1938, "Yunnan Province sent 200,000 troops to the front to deliver materials, which made greater contributions to the country and the nation." After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, under the leadership of the Yunnan Party Organization, people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan held high the banner of "fighting against civil war" and "fighting for democracy" in Kunming and other cities and launched a massive patriotic and democratic movement. Kunming is known as the "democratic fortress" in the Kuomintang-ruled areas.
1945, the "December 1st" tragedy that shocked China and foreign countries happened in Kunming. Shen Junru, Guo Moruo, Liu Yazi and Liang Shi. Presided over the memorial and public sacrifice meeting for the victims of the "December 1st" tragedy in Chongqing. Dong and Wang Ruofei presented wreaths on behalf of the Central Committee. On February 9th, 65438, Zhou Enlai pointed out that "the Kunming Massacre is new1February 9th" in his speech at the anniversary meeting of youth from all walks of life in Yan 'an. In the article "Working Policy in the Liberated Areas in 1946" written on February 5, 65438, we called on the whole party and the soldiers and civilians in the Liberated Areas to assist the democratic activities in the Kuomintang-ruled areas marked by the strike in Kunming. Since then, a patriotic movement against civil war and for democracy, led by the student movement and widely participated by all walks of life, swept through the Kuomintang-controlled areas, opening the prelude to the second battlefield during the War of Liberation.
1949 65438+On the evening of February 9 10, Lu Han, chairman of the Yunnan provincial government, announced an uprising, and a five-star red flag was raised in Wuhua Mountain, Kunming, the seat of the Kuomintang Yunnan provincial government.
That night, Lu Han gave power to Zhu De, an uprising that broke away from the national government and returned to the people. 1February, 950, Yunnan Province was liberated. On February 25th, 65438, the first session of the CPPCC of all ethnic groups and circles in Yunnan Province was held in Kunming, marking a new era of economic and social development in Yunnan. Yunnan is rich in products, outstanding people and outstanding people. In the long historical process, people of all ethnic groups have created distinctive scientific and technological cultures, which have become part of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation, and outstanding figures of all ethnic groups have emerged. Yunnan Chicken is looking for Hao Ming poultry, with complete varieties and reasonable prices, acting as an agent.
Zheng He (Hui nationality), a native of Jinning in Ming Dynasty, made seven voyages to the Western Ocean and sent missions to more than 30 countries including Southeast Asia, South Asia, Arabia and East Africa. He is the founder of the history of world navigation. In engineering science, the Outline of Mineral Engineering in South Yunnan written by Wu He in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty is considered to be another monograph on smelting and casting in China after Tiangong. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, famous poets and Weng wrote "A Brief Introduction to Six Rivers" and "Water Conservancy Map of Panlong River" respectively after investigation and survey, which provided basic information for future generations to build water conservancy in Dianchi Lake area. In Medicine, written by Mao Lan in the early Ming Dynasty.
Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica is earlier 100 years. In the early years of the Republic of China, Yunnan Baiyao, which was created by Qu, was also famous at home and abroad.
A number of mathematicians with outstanding achievements have also appeared in Yunnan history, such as Law and Arithmetic, Pythagorean Consistency and Combinatorial Arithmetic, all of which are insightful mathematical works. Xiong Qinglai, the most accomplished mathematician in mathematics, is an internationally renowned mathematician and educator. His definition of infinite order is called "infinite order of bear" by the international mathematics community. Botany, there are Zhao Bi's Notes on Camellia in Ming Dynasty, Zhang Zhichun's Notes on Yongchang Workshop, and Fang Quxian's Notes on Camellia in South Yunnan.
Famous writers, artists and scholars in Yunnan have left many artistic treasures for future generations. In 405 AD, Congbaozi Monument, which was established in Qujing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Conglongyan Monument, which was established in Lvliang in the Song Dynasty in 458 AD, occupied an important position in the history of calligraphy in China, and was highly praised by calligraphers in past dynasties, and was regarded as a treasure in the South Monument and a masterpiece of calligraphy. The warm picture scroll created by Dali painters is 33 meters long and depicts 637 characters. The painting is very skilled and meticulous. It is regarded as a masterpiece of outstanding genius in art, and it is also a masterpiece with precious academic value.
Jinning became a monk in the late Ming Dynasty, and Qian Feng, a native of Kunming in the Qing Dynasty, was also famous for his calligraphy and painting. In literature and poetry, there is understanding.
Xu Xiake, a native of Jiangyin, is the author of Travel Notes in Yunnan and On the Dai Nationality written by Hu Bameng, a Dai monk in Xishuangbanna during the Wanli period.
Poetry. Yang Sheng 'an, a writer, historian and poet in the Ming Dynasty, lived in Yunnan for 37 years, and made outstanding contributions to spreading the culture of the Central Plains and promoting the exchange and integration of Chinese culture and fraternal culture. He left more than 400 bibliographies and 180 biographies in Yunnan, which are not only masterpieces of literature and history, but also precious materials for studying Yunnan's national culture and customs.
The couplet 180 in Daguanlou, inscribed by Sun Ranweng, a Kunming native in the early Qing Dynasty, is magnificent and is considered as the first couplet in China. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Fan, a Bai nationality in Jianchuan, wrote a couplet for the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu: "If you can attack your heart, you will be defeated. Since ancient times, you have known that soldiers are not good at fighting;
All mistakes are made in strictness, so we should ponder them carefully in the future. "This sentence accurately summed up Zhuge Liang's life experience in governing Shu, which was told by later politicians.
In modern times, March of the Volunteers, composed by Nie Er, a great people's musician, became the national anthem and spread all over the country.
The whole world; Ke, a native of Guangnan, was called a "mad poet" in Yan 'an period. Ai Siqi, a native of Tengchong, is a famous Marxist philosopher at home and abroad. In addition, Du Wenxiu of Baoshan (Hui nationality), Li of Yi nationality, Li Xin of Longling, Wang Desan of Xiangyun, Luo Binghui of Yiliang (Yi nationality) and Zhou Baozhong of Dali (Bai nationality) all wrote glorious chapters in the history of revolutionary struggle in Yunnan.