The Journey to the West was born in16th century, during Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty in China (1522- 1566), and it has been more than 400 years since then. Author Wu Cheng'en, whose real name is Ruzhong, whose real name is Sheyang Jushi, and The Journey to the West wrote the first draft in Wu Cheng'en's middle age, which was later polished. He recreated the art on the basis of literary works and stories about Tang Priest's learning from the past dynasties, and changed the original story of Tang Priest's learning from the past into the history of the Monkey King's fighting for heaven and earth.
The Monkey King is the most glorious image in the book. "Noisy Heaven" highlights his spirit of loving freedom and daring to resist. "The spread of Western learning to the East" shows the spirit of eliminating evil by Si Qi, a wise man. After the Monkey King failed to make a scene in Heaven, he was released by the Tang Priest, and after 500 years of repression under the Five Elements Mountain, he went to the Western Heaven together. He is no longer the image of a rebel, but a hero who wears a tight hoop and a tiger skin skirt and is committed to lifting the magic disaster on earth. Perseverance and improvisation in the face of difficulties are the main characteristics of the Monkey King, the town demon killer.
Most of the fantasy worlds and mythical characters described by The Journey to the West are based on real life, and at the same time, they embody some good wishes of writers and people in the form of magic. Eighty-one is difficult to change, and all kinds of magical skills are full of fantasy colors; Colorful treasures are obviously imagined by people in order to conquer nature or defeat the enemy. The Journey to the West constitutes the basic artistic feature of romanticism.
The Journey to the West artistically combined well-meaning satire, bitter satire and severe criticism, which made many chapters interesting and fully expressed the profound ideological content and the author's distinct love and hate. Forty-one short stories contained in Eighty-one Difficulties are also expressed through the complicated relationship among monks, Buddhists and demons. In these countless fantasy plots full of struggles, the optimism spirit of the broad masses of the people against evil forces and demanding victory over nature and difficulties is meaningfully reflected, and the social reality in feudal times is tortuous.
A monkey was born on a stone on the Huaguo Mountain in Ole, Dongsheng, China. The stone monkey, the famous monkey king, learned seventy-two changes, and one somersault was feasible, calling himself the "monkey king". He stole the anchor needle and turned it into a golden hoop, big or small, weighing 13.5 thousand Jin. He went to the underworld again and erased the monkey's name from the book of life and death. The jade emperor wants to send troops to capture him. Taibai Venus suggested that the Monkey King should be called into the upper bound to be a Bi Marvin. The Monkey King learned that Bi was only a small official in charge of horses, so he knocked out the Tianmen and returned to Huaguoshan, calling himself "the Great Sage of Monkey". The Jade Emperor sent heavenly soldiers to capture the Monkey King, and the Monkey King defeated the giant spirit god and Nezha in a row. The Monkey King was asked to manage the Flat Peach Garden. He stole the flat peach, stirred up the flat peach banquet of the Queen Mother, stole the elixir of Grandfather, and escaped from Heaven. The Jade Emperor sent heavenly soldiers to capture him. The Monkey King's gambling against Erlang God is a tie. The old gentleman hit the Monkey King with a hidden weapon, and the Monkey King was captured. Chopped by a knife and axe, struck by fire and lightning, and exercised by Dan furnace, the Monkey King was unscathed. The Jade Emperor asked the Tathagata to put the Monkey King at the foot of Wuxing Mountain.
The Tathagata sent Guanyin Bodhisattva to the East to find a Buddhist scripture, and came to the West to learn from it and persuade all beings. Guanyin enlightened Chen Xuanzang to seek truth from the scriptures in the Western Heaven. Emperor Taizong recognized Xuanzang as his royal brother and gave him the title of Sanzang. Tang Sanzang westbound, on Wuxing Mountain, rescued the Monkey King. The Monkey King was put on the iron ring of Guanyin. When the Tang Priest recited the iron ring mantra, Wukong had a terrible headache. The master and the apprentice went west and collected the white dragon in Yingbeixi, and the white dragon became the mount of Tang Priest. In Gaolaozhuang, Zhu accepted Bajie, and Pig Bajie became the second apprentice of Tang Priest. Liushahe, Sha Wujing was conquered, and Friar Sand became the third disciple of Tang Priest. Four people waded through mountains and rivers and traveled west to learn from the scriptures.
Guanyin Bodhisattva turned Shan Li's mother, Pu Xian and Manjusri into beautiful women and married four of them, in order to test the minds of Tang Priest and his disciples. The Tang Priest and others were unmoved. Only Bajie was infatuated with women and was hung from a tree by a bodhisattva. In Wuzhuangguan, Wanshou Mountain, the monkey king ate ginseng fruit and knocked down the fairy tree. In order to compensate, the Monkey King asked Guanyin to save the fairy tree with manna. Bai changed three times and tried to get Tang Priest, but Wukong found out. The Tang Priest listened to Pig's slanders and drove Wukong away, but Huang Paoguai caught him. Bajie and Friar Sand could not compete with Huang Paoguai, Friar Sand was captured, and Tang Priest was turned into a tiger. Persuaded by Bai, Bajie came to Huaguo Mountain and asked him to turn to the Monkey King for help in exorcism. The four of them continued to walk west. The infinite king drowned in the well pushed by the lion, and the lion was king. The ghost of the king asked the Tang Priest for help. Bajie carried the body out of the well, and Wukong asked the master for an elixir to save the king. Hong Haier, the son of the cow, hid in the cave of fire clouds and wanted to eat the meat of the Tang priest. Wukong couldn't resist Hong Haier's samadhi, so he invited a bodhisattva to subdue the demon. Bodhisattva surrendered Hon Hai 'er and made him a Fuwa. The king of the daughter country wanted to recruit Tang Priest as his husband, and Wukong and others insisted on going west, but Tang Priest was taken away by the scorpion essence of the Pipa Cave in the poisonous enemy mountain. Wukong invited the Pleiadian official, and the Pleiadian official became a double-crowned rooster, revealing the true colors of the monster. Soon, the Tang priest killed the highwayman because of Wukong and drove him away. Liu Er the Monkey King took the opportunity to become Wukong, snatched the luggage and customs, and turned the little demon into Tang Priest, Pig Bajie and Friar Sand in an attempt to cheat the scriptures in the Western Heaven. The true and false Wukong was killed from the sky to the underground, and the bodhisattva, the jade emperor and the earth treasure king could not tell the true from the false. It was not until the Tathagata of Leiyin Temple that the Buddha revealed his true colors. Wukong killed the monkey spirit.
The four masters and apprentices were reconciled, and Qi Xin went to the west together. In the Flame Mountain, I want an iron fan, a princess and a banana fan to put out the flame. Princess Tiefan was very angry that Wukong sent his child Hong Haier to Luojiashan as a boy and refused to borrow it. Wukong, Princess Iron Fan, and Niu Wangmo fought wits and wits several times, and subdued the three monsters with the power of heavenly soldiers and put out the fire. King Bhikkhu was puzzled by the change of the original monarch of White Deer and wanted to use111a child's heart as a medication guide. Wukong rescued the baby and repelled the evil spirits. The birthday girl came to retrieve the white deer. When the king of France swore to kill all the monks, the Monkey King cast a spell to shave off the hair of the queen's concubines and ministers of civil and military affairs, so that the king of France changed his mind and became the king of Qin. In Tianzhu, the Tang priest was hit by a fake princess throwing colored balls with five rabbits in the Moon Palace, trying to recruit horses. Wukong saw through the truth and joined hands with Taiyin Xing Jun to capture the Jade Rabbit and rescue the real princess who lives in the arc temple outside the city.
After many hardships, the four men finally came to Lingshan Holy Land to visit the Buddha. But because they didn't send any personnel to Arnold and Kaya, they only got the scriptures without words. The Tang Priest and his disciples returned to Leiyin Temple and presented the Zijin Bowl given by the Tang King as a personnel, in order to get the true scriptures back to the mainland. I don't want to have one question left in the eighty-one difficulty. In Tongtianhe, the old man threw four people into the river and got the scriptures wet. Up to now, Buddhist scriptures are incomplete.
Tang Sanzang and others sent Buddhist scriptures back to Chang 'an, the capital of Datang, and back to Lingshan. Sanzang was named Buddha, Wukong was named fighting to win Buddha, Bajie was named altar envoy, Friar Sand was named Arhat Golden Body, and Bai Jin was promoted to Eight Dragons, each of whom returned to his own place and enjoyed bliss.
Introduction to Water Margin: (Shi Ming Naian)
The book describes the story that 108 people, led by Song Jiang, gathered in Liangshan Park, Shandong Province at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Shi Jin of Jiu Wen Long met Zhu Wu, chief strategist of Shaohua Mountain, and was reported by the government eagle dog. The local government sent troops to capture him. In desperation, Shi Jin burned down his manor and went to a foreign land, where he met Lu Da, a junior officer. When they were drinking in a restaurant, they heard the singing girl crying and asked if the father and daughter were bullied by the local bully town in Zheng Tu, Kansai. Lu Da generously gave silver, sent his father and daughter back to their hometown, and took the initiative to find you, killing the town of Kansai with three punches. Afterwards, he abandoned his job and fled. He happened to meet the singer's father who had a place to live and took him home to hide. Later, he went to Wutai Mountain to become a monk, and his legal name was "Shen Zhi". Lu was intolerant of Buddhist rules and regulations, and repeatedly drank too much, breaking the mountain gate. Helpless, the elders in the temple introduced him to Suoguo Temple in Tokyo and became a minister monk to take care of the vegetable garden. At the same time, he subdued a group of gangsters.
Lu happened to meet Lin Chong, the coach of 800,000 imperial troops in Tokyo, and they were very speculative. The son of Gao Taiwei, the powerful minister of the dynasty, coveted Lin Chong's beauty, designed and framed him, falsely accused him of "bringing a knife" into Baihutang, and sent him to Cangzhou in an attempt to kill Lin Chong on the way. Thanks to the secret escort all the way, he was able to save the day. After Lin Chong was sent to Cangzhou, he went to Liangshan under unbearable circumstances.
There is a classical man near Liangshan. When he learned that Cai Jing's son-in-law and Liang Zhongshu, the magistrate of Daming Prefecture, sent Yang Zhi to escort the birth program to Beijing, he was designed by Wu Yong to rally seven people, including three brothers Nguyen, to rob the birth program in Huangnigang and go to Liangshan. Yang Zhi lost his birth contour and couldn't go back to work, so he joined Lu Shenzhi and occupied Erlong Mountain.
There is a Song Jiang named Hu in Yuncheng, Shandong Province. He has an outhouse called Yan Poxi. This man was having an affair. When he found out that Sung River was associated with a "strongman", he threatened him in every way. Sung river in a rage, killed Yan Poxi, fled to the small whirlwind Chai Jin Zhuang, to get to know Song Wu. After Song Wu killed the tiger in Jingyanggang, he became famous for a while and was hired as the county magistrate of yanggu county. He happened to meet his long-lost brother Wu Da. His sister-in-law Pan Jinlian was jealous of Song Wu Wei Ying and wanted to have sex with him, but Song Wu refused. After a business trip to Song Wu, Jinlian colluded with Ximen Qing and poisoned Wu Da. When Song Wu came back, he discovered his feelings and killed Ximen Qing and Pan Jinlian to avenge his brother. Afterwards, he voluntarily surrendered to the county government and was sent to Mengzhou. When he met with grace, he was drunk and beat Jiang Menshen, became angry from embarrassment, killed Zhang Dujian and moved to Erlong Mountain to settle down. Song Jiang went to Huarong Road, the owner of Qingfeng Village, and was framed for some reason and sent to Jiangzhou. One day, he was drunk and occasionally wrote "anti-poetry" and was sentenced to death. Saved by the Liangshan brothers, Song insisted on going home to visit his father. He was in danger again and finally went to Liangshan.
Then, after three strikes in Zhujiazhuang, Liangshan gained momentum by sending troops to save Chai Jin. Then beat off Gao Taiwei's three-way team in a row, met Taohua Mountain, Erlong Mountain and Liangshan Mountain, and returned to Shui Bo. Then Classical was unfortunately killed by an arrow, and Lu Junyi went to Liangshan after many twists and turns. The insurgents attacked Zengtou City and repelled several imperial attacks. Many of them took part in Liangshan Juyi. Finally, the total * * * led 108 people and arranged the seating of "thirty-six plough and seventy-two earth demons".
Facing the situation that Liangshan rebels became more and more brave, the court changed its strategy and sent people to appease them. So, under the guidance of Song Jiang and others' compromise thought, Quanliangshan accepted this appeal and was reorganized into the Zhao and Song armies. The rulers also adopted the strategy of "impeded people" and ordered the Liangshan heroes to go to the Liao country. After several battles, they won a great victory. Then he was ordered to go to Jiangnan to conquer Fang La. As a result, Fang La was defeated and the rebels suffered heavy casualties. 108 heroes were killed, disabled, wandering, hiding and scattered, leaving only 27. However, even these survivors failed to escape the bad luck that followed. Seeing Liangshan Rebels fighting alone, the rulers killed Song Jiang and others shortly after conferring the title: Song Jiang and Lu Junyi were poisoned by medicinal liquor and mercury respectively, Li Kui jy was dragged to be buried with Song Jiang when he died, and Wu Yong and Hua Rongdao hanged themselves in Liao 'erwa ... A vigorous peasant uprising was thus stifled.
Brief Introduction to Flowers in the Morning and Picking Up in the Evening
This book is a collection of Lu Xun's 1926' s reminiscence essays, with ten articles in total. The first five articles were written in Beijing and the last five in Xiamen. Originally published in the semi-monthly Mangyuan, the general title was "Reviving the past". 1927 July, Lu Xun re-edited it in Guangzhou, and added "introduction" and "postscript", renamed it "Morning Flowers". 1928 September was first published by Beijing Weiming Society and listed as one of the "unnamed new collections" compiled by the author. 1reprinted in February, 929. 1September, 932, the third edition was rearranged and published by Shanghai North New Bookstore. The cover of this book was painted by Tao. These ten essays are Memoirs of Memories (Preface to Three Leisure Collections), which completely record Lu Xun's life track and experience from childhood to youth, vividly depict the life picture of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and are important artistic documents for studying Lu Xun's early thoughts and life and even the society at that time. These chapters are profound and meaningful, and they are classics in China's modern prose.
Regarding the translation of this book, Lu Xun said in a letter to Masuda on April 1934 1 1: "If there is a place for publication, it is good to translate it, but there are too many customs and trivial things about China, which are not easy to understand without annotations, and it is also boring to read with too many annotations." In his letter to Masuda on February 2 1934/KLOC-0, Lu Xun mentioned that Masuda and Haruko Sato jointly translated Selected Works of Lu Xun, saying, "Only Mr. Fujino, please translate and supplement. Fan Ainong writes badly, so it is better to give up what he loves. "
From "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "San Tan Yin Yue", Mr. Fujino, Fan Ainong and other articles in the book were selected into middle school Chinese textbooks.
"Morning Flowers Pick Up in the Evening" Catalogue:
Small lead dogs, cats and mice, Chang and Shanhaijing, twenty-four filial piety, and cabin five will be impermanent.
From Hundred Herbs Garden to San Tan Yin Yue The Postscript of Fan Ainong by Mr. Fujino
Brief Introduction of Camel Xiangzi
The novel Camel's Appearance is the representative work of Lao She 1899 to 1966, a famous modern writer in China. Lao She, whose original name was Shu Qingchun, was born in a poor family in Beijing and grew up in the living environment of the bottom citizens in Beijing. From 1924, Lao She worked as a Chinese teacher in Tian Xiang, England, until 1929. There, he read a lot of western European literary masterpieces and began to write novels. Early works, such as Lao Zhang's Philosophy, Zhao Ziyue, Ermayina, etc. There is irony in humor, which is quite close to that written by British writer Dickens, but exaggeration is sometimes out of proportion, and it is almost flashy. However, for Lao She, the initial creation is an indispensable practice. In 1930s, his creation gradually matured, and finally his masterpiece Camel Xiangzi was released at 1936.
Camel Xiangzi tells the tragic story of Xiangzi, a rickshaw driver in Beiping, old China. Xiangzi came from the countryside, and the declining countryside made him unable to survive. He came to this city, eager to create a new life with his honest work. He tried all kinds of jobs and finally chose a rickshaw. This career choice shows that although Xiangzi left the land, his way of thinking is still the way of thinking of farmers. He is used to individual labor, and he is also eager to have a car as reliable as land. Buy a car and be an independent worker. "This is his wish, hope and even religion." The city seems to have given Xiangzi a chance to realize his wish. Struggled for three years, bought a car, and was robbed in less than half a year. But Xiangzi still refused to give up his car dream. Although he doubted his pursuit and wavered several times, he kept pulling himself together and struggling again. It should be said that Xiangzi's tenacious character and stubborn attitude struggle with life, which constitutes the main plot content of the novel. The end of the struggle ended in Xiangzi's failure, and he finally failed to realize his dream of owning his own car. The realistic profundity of this novel lies in that it not only describes Xiangzi's material life deprived by the harsh living environment, but also describes Xiangzi's spiritual degeneration after his life ideal is destroyed. "He has no heart. His heart has been taken away." In this way, a hardworking and kind-hearted rural youth was transformed into a walking dead unemployed.
Xiangzi's tragedy is the product of his social life environment. By describing the characters and interpersonal relationships around Xiangzi, the novel truly shows the life of that dark society, the ugly faces of warlords, spies and car factory owners, and the distorted reflection of the oppression and oppressed relationship of Xiangzi by their ruling network. The novel does not avoid the instinctive desire and a little attachment between Xiangzi and Tigress, but at the same time it profoundly describes that even this kind of love between men and women is based on the relationship between money and interests, so Tigress should always keep the money in her own hands. "The money is in her own hands, and the power is on her own." The combination of Tigress and Xiangzi undoubtedly aggravated Xiangzi's tragedy.
Camel Xiangzi occupies an important position in the history of modern literature in China. Most of the new literature after the May 4th Movement is good at describing the lives of intellectuals and peasants, but few works describe the urban poor. The appearance of Lao She broke this situation. With a number of works describing the life of the urban poor, especially the novel Camel Xiangzi, he expanded the expression range of new literature and made special contributions to the development of new literature.
Camel Xiangzi was first published in Cosmic Wind magazine (1936), and the new single was published by People's Literature Publishing House (1955+0). Lao She once made a revision, deleting the second half of Chapter 23 and the whole Chapter 24. The complete works of Lao She published by People's Literature Publishing House in 1980s, 1982, restored the original appearance of the old edition.
Xiangzi's hometown is in the countryside. When his parents died at the age of eighteen, he went to Beiping to earn money. With that strong, wooden, diligent and honest country boy, he did a lot of money-making things. Finally, he decided that pulling a cart was the best money-making job. When he pulled the rented new car, he made up his mind to save money to buy his own car.
Xiangzi scrimped, smoked, drank and gambled, and finally spent three years collecting 100 hard-earned money to buy a new car. I feel that life is full of hope, and the more I pull, the harder I work. However, the good times did not last long. Warlords scuffled outside Beiping, and soldiers grabbed people and cars everywhere. One day, in order to earn two more dollars, Xiangzi invited guests out of the city by luck. Unexpectedly, on the road, people and cars were caught by more than a dozen soldiers. In the military camp, he carries luggage for the soldiers every day, draws water and boils water to feed the animals. He felt sorry for the car he had worked hard for. Later, after the defeat, Xiangzi slipped back from the barracks in the dark. He also pulled three camels left by the soldiers when they retreated and sold them to 35 yuan. Since then, he has been nicknamed "Xiangzi Camel".
Xiangzi has no home, so he lives in the garage in Si Liu. Si Liu has more than 60 cars in his garage, and his daughter Tigress helps him manage them. Tigress is a 37-year-old girl, dignified and strong, like a man. Master Si Liu is in charge, and Tigress is in charge. Father and daughter manage people and the garage like iron barrels. It seems that he has a soft spot for cars, and he doesn't want to be idle at ordinary times, cleaning cars, cheering up, hanging ponchos, refueling ... having fun. So sometimes, although Xiangzi didn't pull Si Liu's rickshaw, Si Liu let him stay in the factory all the time. One night, Tigress lured him to drink, and then slept with Xiangzi all night. Xiangzi woke up depressed and began to try to avoid her. Just as Mr. Cao, an old customer, asked him for a monthly subscription, Xiangzi moved to Cao Zhai with joy.
Unexpectedly, Tigress put a pillow in her waistband, stood up and said that she was pregnant with Xiangzi's child, threatening Xiangzi to marry her. Xiangzi can only be at her mercy.
Mr. Cao's socialist remarks caught the detective's attention and he had to hide far away. He sent Xiangzi home to deliver the letter. As a result, Xiangzi was blackmailed by Detective Sun, and his plan to buy a car went bankrupt. Xiangzi had no choice but to go back to the garage. Si Liu couldn't stand his daughter hooking up with that smelly rickshaw, forcing her to make a choice. Tigress insisted on choosing Xiangzi, but Si Liu immediately fell out with Tigress and kicked Xiangzi out. Tigress asked Xiangzi to tell Si Liu that he was soft-hearted and resigned to his fate, but Xiangzi refused. So Tigress simply rented a house, hired a sedan chair and married Xiangzi. She used her private money to buy Xiangzi's neighbor Er Qiangzi's car at a low price.
Soon Tigress was really pregnant. He worked hard to pull a rickshaw to make money, fell ill and used up Tigress's savings. Joel Hadron's daughter Joey also helps with the housework. Tigress died in childbirth. Xiangzi sold the car to attend Tigress's funeral. Joy is interested in Xiangzi, and Xiangzi likes her very much, but she can't afford two younger brothers and a drunken father. He said to Joey, "When I get mixed up, I'll marry you." He found another garage and pulled up the rickshaw. When Mr. Cao came back from refuge, he asked Xiangzi to come back to collect the moon and promised him to take Xi 'er to live with him. However, Joy was sold into a brothel and died. Xiangzi lost his mind in the street and finally completely degenerated. He ate, drank, whored, gambled, got gonorrhea, became lazy and oily, and betrayed his friends. He didn't go back to Mr. Cao's house, and finally made a living by doing odd jobs for people who arranged weddings and funerals, and Xiangzi also came to his end.
Brief introduction of stars in spring water
Author Bing Xin, formerly known as Xie Wanying.
The Star is a collection of poems, consisting of 164 short poems. Bing Xin believed in "the philosophy of love" all her life, and she thought that "with love, there is everything". In the Stars, she kept praising love. What she loves to praise most is maternal love. Bing Xin not only loves her parents, but also cherishes brotherhood. She loves her three younger brothers. In one of her later articles, she wrote a letter to a young reader. Thirteen, she also compared her three younger brothers to three bright stars. Bing Xin praised maternal love, human love and childlike innocence. At the same time, she also praised nature, especially the sea she was familiar with as a child. Praising nature, childlike innocence and maternal love has become the eternal theme of Bing Xin's life creation.
"Spring Water" is a companion piece of "Stars", which consists of 182 short poems. It was also published in the morning paper first, but the spring water came out three months later than the stars.
In Spring Water, although Bing Xin is still praising maternal love, affection, childlike innocence and nature, she has used more space to implicitly express the troubles and anguish of herself and her generation of young intellectuals. She tells her feelings in a gentle and sad tone, explores the meaning of life and expresses her desire to know the true nature of the world.
A Brief Introduction to Robinson Crusoe
British young Robinson likes sailing since he was a child. He left home for South America three times. One day, with great ambition to travel around the world, he bid farewell to his family, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and experienced countless dangers in his thrilling voyage. Later, the whole ship was unfortunately buried in the Pacific Ocean, and everyone on board was buried at the bottom of the sea. Only he miraculously survived and came to an uninhabited island alone. He got the inspiration of life from the gap of despair, and Robinson, with strong personality, lived independently on the island for 28 years. He worked and lived on an isolated island, reclaimed wasteland, raised livestock, and produced rice and wheat. He kept company with loneliness year after year and overcame all kinds of difficulties that ordinary people could not overcome. The Bible became his spiritual pillar. With amazing perseverance and tenacious labor, he built houses, harvested grain, domesticated goats and made clothes out of animal skins. He once fought bravely with wild animals and savages who ate human flesh. Later, he saved a local, called him "Friday" and took him as a servant. With extraordinary perseverance and courage, he overcame unimaginable hardships and created a home for himself with hardworking hands.
It was not until the 28th year that an English ship came near the island that Robinson helped the captain subdue the rebellious sailors and then returned to England. At this time, his parents died, and Robinson recovered all the income from his Brazilian manor and distributed it to some people who helped him.
Guide reading
Defoe (1660- 173 1), the author of Robinson Crusoe, is known as the father of English novels and newspapers. Born into a Protestant family opposed to the Anglican Church, his father was a businessman and he was in business himself. His articles influenced the development of later periodical articles and newspapers, and he was arrested many times for his remarks. Defoe didn't start writing novels until he was 59 years old, which shows the outstanding talent of novelists. Robinson Crusoe is Defoe's first literary work, published in 17 19. This is also the most successful and famous novel in his life. Robinson, the hero of the novel, was born in a relatively wealthy family, but he resolutely abandoned the comfortable family life and was willing to associate with the waves and realize his dream of sailing. He sailed to London, Africa and Brazil, where he was hijacked by pirates and became a slave, but he finally saved the day. On a voyage to Africa, unfortunately, the whole ship was destroyed by a big storm, and only Robinson survived and drifted to a desert island, from which he began his island life for 28 years. On the desolate and lonely desert island, Robinson struggled against all kinds of difficulties alone with his pioneering spirit of daring to take risks and create, and finally regained his freedom. On a desert island with serious material shortage, Robinson built a humble abode with his own hands, surrounded by fences, and made his own necessities such as clothes and utensils. He also keeps wild animals in captivity and grows many crops himself. Finally, he made the desert island beautiful and rich, and lived a happy life instead of being overwhelmed by difficulties. In this work, the author warmly praised Robinson's indomitable will and indomitable spirit. He is not only a brave and tenacious adventurer, but also a doer who loves labor and life. Robinson's story praises the spirit of labor and the struggle between man and nature. It tells us that as long as we have ambition, perseverance and creative courage, we can do extraordinary things. After the publication of Robinson Crusoe, it was deeply loved and welcomed by readers and soon became popular all over the world.
childhood
Childhood is the first of Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy based on his own experience (the other two are On Earth and My University). It tells the story of Alesha's childhood from the age of three to ten. The novel vividly reproduces the life state of the Russian lower class in the 1970s and 1980s, from when I went to my grandfather's house to write with my mother, to when my grandfather told me to make a living in the human world. Grandfather opened a dye house, but with the decline of his family business, he became stingy, greedy, bossy and cruel, often beating his grandmother and children and ruthlessly exploiting workers. Once Alexei was beaten unconscious by him because he dyed a piece of cloth. Young Alisha was once beaten unconscious by him with a branch. He also secretly lends usury and even encourages his helpers to steal things. The two uncles are also rude and selfish philistines, arguing and fighting over property all day long and abusing their wives crazily. In such a family full of cruelty and hatred, young Alisha realized the suffering and ugliness of human beings prematurely.
However, even in such a terrible environment, there is no lack of warmth and light. This is another life of others represented by grandma. Grandma is kind, smart and capable, loves life, has patience with everyone and has a holy and broad mind. She is like a bright lamp, illuminating alessa's sensitive and lonely heart. She often tells alessa some poor and weak folk stories that praise justice and light. Her influence on Aletha was just as Gorky wrote later: "Before she came, I seemed to sleep in the dark, but as soon as she appeared, she woke me up and took me to a bright place ... It was her selfless love for the world that enriched me and enriched me. In addition, there are optimistic and simple Xiaoshigang, honest old worker grigori and the "good things" of intellectuals who devoted themselves to science, all of which gave Aletha strength and support, so that he still maintained his courage and confidence in life in a dark and dirty environment and gradually grew into a strong, brave, honest and caring person.
As an autobiographical novel, Childhood tells the writer a heavy childhood story. For the people and things he experienced and left painful memories in his heart, those "lead scandals" could not be relaxed when the writer narrated, so the tone of the novel as a whole was serious and low. On the other hand, the novel is described with a child's eyes, which casts a naive color on the tragic scene. Reading sadness is not too heavy, which makes people see light in darkness, kindness in evil, the light of human nature in ruthlessness, and the great power of people to overcome tragic fate in a tragic atmosphere.
Maxim Gorky (1868- 1936), a great Russian writer, was originally named Alexei Macsimovici Piskov. 1868 was born in Nizhny Novgorod (now Gorky) on the Volga River on March 28th. My father is a carpenter and my mother is the daughter of a dyehouse owner. At the age of 4, he lost his father and lived with his mother at his grandfather's house. Gorky grew up in misery. At the age of 9, he used to pick up junk when he was studying in a primary school in the suburbs. This is the only school he attended. He only studied for two years. Gorky, 1 1 years old, went to the "human world" and made a living alone. The lower class became his real university.
Gorky loves reading and has read many books by himself. Long-term vagrancy and hard experience have broadened Gorky's horizons, tempered his will, accumulated rich knowledge and materials, and inspired his strong desire to engage in literary creation. 1In September, 892, he published his first novel "Marca Cudla" under the pseudonym of "Maxim Gorky" for the first time, and embarked on the road of literary creation.
Childhood is the first part of Gorky's famous autobiographical trilogy, published in 19 13. It is Gorky's works in the mature period of artistic creation. The book depicts the social environment in which the Russian people lived in the 1970s from 65438 to 2009, and the life segments of the protagonist Alexa who grew up as an upright and kind child in the vulgar and ugly environment of ordinary citizens.
Alesha Peter Skof followed her mother and grandmother to her grandfather's house after she lost her father at the age of. Grandfather Kashirin is a small dyehouse owner on the verge of bankruptcy. He is vulgar and greedy. My two uncles Mikhail and Yakov are rude and selfish Philistines. "Grandpa's home is filled with the fire fog of hatred between people; Adults are poisoned by hatred, and even children participate enthusiastically. " This is a typical Russian ordinary citizen family. Gorky wrote at the beginning of his work: "Sometimes even I can't believe this will happen. There are many things that I really want to refute and deny, because there are too many cruel things in the dark life of' an idiot'. " Aletha spent his childhood in this "suffocating small world full of terrible scenes". However, Aletha has not been overwhelmed and destroyed by this dark scandal and the evil forces that corrode people's souls. Instead, he trained and grew into a strong, brave, upright and kind person. This is because, in reality, besides the dark forces, there are many kind and upright people who have given Aletha strength and support, and made him see the light, believing that the darkness will eventually pass and the future belongs to the light.
In her works, the person who has the greatest and deepest influence on alessa is her grandmother. The image of grandmother can be said to be the most brilliant, humane and artistic charm in Russian and even world literature. She is the daughter of a serf. She worked as a beggar when she was a child and later became a lace weaver. After she got married, she was abused by her husband and son. She is Gorky's favorite relative. Gorky wrote very affectionately