The subject indicates the person or thing that the sentence mainly explains, and is generally guided by nouns (nouns), pronouns (pronouns, pro comes first), numerals (numerals, numbers, words indicating quantity or order are called numerals, 1.2.3. 123) and infinitives (infinite infinitives). It is called infinitive because verbs are not restricted, or are not restricted by morphological changes. The infinitive is a non-predicate verb, and not/to do sth, do represents the prototype of the verb.

He likes watching TV. He likes watching TV.

2. Predicate assertion, summary and description.

Predicates describe the action, state or characteristics of the subject.

Generally can be divided into two categories:

1), simple predicate,

Consists of verbs (or phrasal verbs). There can be different tenses, voices and moods.

We study for the people. We study for the people.

2), compound predicate

Modal verbs, auxiliary verbs and active words.

Modal verb modal, modal, has a certain meaning, a word that expresses mood. But it can't be a predicate independently, and it can only form a predicate with the prototype of the verb. Modal verbs are used before action verbs to express the speaker's views or subjective assumptions about this action or state (can (may), must (need), will (will)).

(auxiliary verb: auxiliary verb; Auxiliary; Additional. Words that help active words form predicates are called auxiliary verbs, and the basic auxiliary verbs are be, do, have, shall, did, will, should and would.

I can speak a little English. I can speak a little English.

Can you can a can like a canner? Can you can a can like a cannery?

He is a doctor and is undergoing an operation.

He's a doctor, and he's having an operation now. The first is the conjunction verb "yes", and the second is the auxiliary verb, which has different functions and cannot be omitted.

3. Predicative and conclusive.

Predicate is a part of predicate, which is located after be and other verbs, indicating the identity, characteristics, attributes or state of the subject. Generally, it is nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, prepositional phrases, etc.

Connecting verb: Also called connecting verb, it is a verb used to help explain the subject. It has its own meaning, but it cannot be used as a predicate alone. After that, it must form a systematic table structure to explain the status, nature and characteristics of the subject.

Be, feel, become, seem

My sister is a nurse. My sister is a nurse.

Transitive verbs: transitive verbs, transitive, transitive and direct.

Generally speaking, a verb can be directly followed by an action object.

Intransitive verb: the intrinsic verb cannot reach directly.

Generally, verbs with action objects cannot be directly followed by prepositions to, of and at.

4.object object; Object; target

The object indicates the object of action, followed by a transitive verb, which can be used as objects such as nouns, pronouns, numerals and infinitives.

We like English. We like English.

Some transitive verbs can take two objects, often one refers to the person and the other refers to the object. People refer to indirect objects, while things refer to direct objects (direct relations).

He gave me some ink. He gave me some ink.

Some transitive verbs need a complement after the object, so that the meaning is complete, and the object and its complement form a compound object. For example:

We elected him as our monitor. We elected him monitor.

5. attributes? tr？ Bjut attribute; speciality

The elements that modify nouns or pronouns in a sentence are called attributes.

Adjectives, pronouns, numerals, nouns, adverbs, infinitives and prepositional phrases are mainly used as attributes. Adjectives, pronouns, numerals, nouns, etc. When used as an attribute, it is usually placed in front of the modified word.

He is a new student. He is a freshman.

However, when adverbs, infinitives and prepositional phrases are used as attributes, they are placed after the modified words.

The bike in the room is mine. The bike in the room is mine.

6. Adverbial modifiers

Modifier verbs, adjectives (adjectives), adverbs (adverbs and ad are strengthened to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or whole sentences, expressing concepts such as time, place, degree and way) and sentence components of whole sentences are called adverbials. Adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives and clauses are usually used as adverbials. Adverbials are usually placed after modifiers or at the end of sentences. Adverbs as adverbials can be placed before modifiers or at the beginning of sentences.

Expression: time, place, degree, relationship, order, etc.

He lives in Paris. He lives in Paris.

He works hard.

7. supplement, supplement, supplement

Used to describe the state or action of an object or subject, because some verbs in English still have incomplete meanings after adding objects, such as: make (make ...), ask (please) and so on. If we say: We create our motherland. This is not a complete sentence. It should be said that we have made our motherland more beautiful. This is the complement of "beauty" as an adjective, indicating the state of the motherland. The English sentence is: We will make our country more beautiful. Words or phrases used as complements include adjectives, adverbs, nouns, infinitives, ing forms, numerals and so on.

Binbu and Takebu

It is the complement of the object, that is, it is complementary to the object.

I know you are a student who is good at math.

In this sentence, being good at mathematics is a complement.

The object complement can also be a sentence, so this sentence can also be:

I know you are a student who is good at math.

Subject and complement, indicating the subject

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.

How to restore the original English?

Draw brackets (three long, two short and one tied)

(with Laura) (on this matter) (talked for two hours) (from 2 o'clock) (to 4 o'clock) (afternoon), I went back (to the office).

Two characteristics of English:

1. exception-the word form will change, tense (to achieve language accuracy)

2. Bullshit-make the language more complete

He likes reading? book

He likes reading.

I am a student.

I am a student.

(The order is the same, because it is very simple, only the main sentence)

Regularity of modifiers:

Chinese modifiers are placed in front of the modified components.

English modifiers are placed after the modified components.

I love you

I love you

I love you (in my heart).

I love you (in my heart)

This is a flower.

This is a flower.

This is a flower (in the park)

This is a flower (in the park)

Can you come to the conclusion that all the revisions are in Chinese before English? )

What did you have for breakfast?

This is a (beautiful) flower.

This is a (beautiful) flower.

The main structure is the same, but the positions of decorative components are different.

The Basic Law of English Grammar "Entry Level"

1. The backbone structure is basically the same in Chinese and English.

2. The modified components are different.

There are some fixed sentence patterns in English (there are sentence patterns, which are adjectives for someone. Do sentence patterns, inverted sentences and emphasize sentence patterns).

Chinese modifiers are mainly placed in front of the modified words.

English: The shorter modifier is placed before the modified word.

The longer modifier is placed after the modified word.

Five main structures

1. subject+predicate I'm coming

2. Subject+Predicate+Object I love you

I give you my heart

4. subject+predicate+object+complement you make me happy (happiness)

5. Master+Family+Dining Table You are everything to me.

(The backbone structure is exactly the same as that in China)

The main structure of story symbols

Subject and predicate constitute the most basic sentence structure, and men and women constitute the most basic family.

Adam, men are usually masters. Eve, women are generally better at talking.

Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden after eating the fruit of the tree of good and evil.

But they felt lonely and decided to have a child to play with. The child appeared later, like a guest, becoming the subject and the guest.

Another year passed, Adam and Eve found it really fun to have children, and decided to have another child to play with, so they gave birth to another child and became the host and guest.

As a result, another year later, Adam and Eve killed their first child, so they decided to have another one to make up for it.

Appearance-subject-predicate-object complement.

Another year passed, and Eve herself died because of too many children. At this time, Adam wanted to find another verb to replace Eve.

There was a copula, but because there was no monogamy at that time, the copula took his cousin, predicate, and married Adam, that is-(predicate of copula structure).

Adam decided to write a poem in memory of Eve. This poem is "I love you".

Chinese and English are so similar that the main components are basically the same.

If you want to learn English clearly, you must master long modifiers.

Three long modified component

(I don't understand the sentence, I can't pass the exam, and my grades are not high. )

1. Preposition phrase

2. Terms

3. Non-predicate verb phrases

Three abbreviations: short, clause and non-predicate.

(1) Preposition phrase-the preposition at the beginning of the preposition

Define a structure that expresses independent and complete meaning from the beginning of preposition to the end of noun.

When starting and ending markers mark prepositional phrases, they should start with the preposition and end with the first noun after the preposition. Such as: at home, at school, in the beautiful park, in my happy childhood, in the past few years, three weeks, to the destination.

Tense in the past few years/days: present perfect tense.

1. indicates the influence or result of past actions on the present. 2. It means that the past action or state continues to the present)

(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (chatting for two hours) (from 2 to 4 o'clock) (afternoon), I went back (to my office).

(2) Clause

Guide word+subject+predicate+object? When reading a sentence, you should read the sentence into small pieces.

A definition clause is a non-main part of a complex sentence, which cannot be independently formed into a sentence. It has a subject part and a predicate part, and is guided by relative words such as that, who, who, when, why, where, how, which, if and which.

When you start and end a marked clause, you must start with a relative word and end with the following four kinds.

End with a sentence, such as Lao Xu is a teacher (who teaches English).

(2) for commas in sentences, such as (when I was a child), I listened to (radio). adverbial clause

(3) At the end of the following modifier, for example, I will invite Yao Ming (once a top basketball player) (to Beijing). To Beijing is a prepositional phrase, which belongs to another modifier, so the marking of clauses ends here. )

(4) To the end of the next predicate verb, for example, Yao Ming (once a top basketball player) is studying (in Shanghai. )

Except hello and good morning, all sentences are backbone+modifiers.

Even if you don't add clauses now, at least you can recognize them.

(3) Non-predicate verb phrases-phrases at the beginning of non-predicate verbs

Define non-predicate verbs as non-"predicate" verbs. There are many verbs in a sentence, only one verb can be used as a predicate, and all other verbs are used as non-predicates. The form becomes infinitive (to do), gerund (doing) or participle (present participle doing or past participle done). Non-predicate verbs cannot act as predicates independently, but only as other components of the sentence. A structure that begins with a non-predicate verb and expresses an independent and complete meaning is called a non-predicate verb phrase.

The relationship between predicate and non-predicate, only one woman in the ancient palace was a queen, a concubine, and promised that all the men in the ancient palace, except one was an emperor, had to change their forms and become civil servants.

When the start-stop marker marks a non-predicate verb phrase, it must start with infinitive (to do), gerund (do) or participle (present participle do or past participle done) and end with the following four situations.

Stop at the end of the sentence, for example, Lao Xu is a teacher (teaching English).

(2) Separate sentences with commas, such as: (to improve my English), I oft listen (to listen to English radio).

(3) The following modifier is terminated, such as: Jack (walks into the hall) and waves to the audience.

It is a prepositional phrase to the audience and belongs to another modifier.

At the end of a predicate verb, such as: we, (singing a happy song), rod (going to school. ).

2. "Two shortcomings"

3.

(1) adjective

Definition adjectives refer to words used to modify nouns, often with suffixes such as -ous, -y, -ful and -able.

Common position

Generally put before nouns, such as beautiful parks.

(2) When modifying indefinite pronouns (something, anything, nothing, someone, anyone, anyone), put it after indefinite pronouns. For example, "interesting things" should be translated into interesting things.

(2) Adverbs

(3)

Definition adverbs are used to modify adjectives, verbs and other words, usually with suffixes, such as -ly.

Adverbs are much more flexible than adjectives in English.

It's a pity that he didn't make it.

(2) It can be placed after the whole sentence, for example, the teacher greets his students alone.

③ It can be placed after auxiliary verbs, copulative verbs and modal verbs and before notional verbs, such as:

The princess looks very beautiful today. (after the copula)

He saw the black cat at once. (before the notional verb)

He no longer loves the princess. (After auxiliary verbs and before notional verbs)

He will hardly say anything. (After modal verbs and before notional verbs)

Can be placed in front of adjectives or adverbs, such as: there is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.

From the above analysis, we can see that although the positions of adjectives and adverbs in English are slightly different from those in Chinese, on the whole, they are short and easy to identify, which has little influence on the understanding of sentence meaning. Therefore, adjectives and adverbs can be unmarked when marking modifiers.

3. Parallel structure-an important culprit in improving reading comprehension.

The definition of coordinate structure refers to a structure in which two or more coordinate items with similar meanings and the same structure are connected by coordinate words. And/or/but/ and/not only/and/both/either/neither.

Marking method The requirements for marking coordinate and parallel structures are: mark coordinate words with boxes, and underline coordinate items. When labeling, you should look for coordinate words first, then coordinate items. When labeling parallel and parallel structures like A and B, we should first find B (right coordinate item) and then find A (left coordinate item). Because modifiers in English are often placed after the head word, there may be a long tail behind the two coordinate items A and B, forming the form of "A… and B…", which makes A relatively far away and difficult to identify, while B is usually close and easy to identify. After finding B, it is easy to determine A by using the principle that A and B have the same structure and similar meaning.

Common coordinate relation

There are many juxtaposition elements in English. When reading sentences, you should pay attention to distinguish who is tied with whom.

Tom and Jerry are friends.

Adjective juxtaposition: Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.

Adverb juxtaposition: Support you to answer the following questions quickly and accurately. Accurate.

Verb juxtaposition: With the Internet, people can not only play computer games, but also shop online.

⑤ Preposition phrase juxtaposition: Government of the people, by the people and for the people will not appear from the earth. Democracy for the People —— Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

I have finished reading the book (written by Mo Yan) and the book (which you lent me last month).

We walked to the park singing and laughing.

The children can go with us or stay at home.

Yang Pang Convention: Thank you for reading and your patience ~