Ideas and requirements of designing articles

1, the idea should focus on the theme: if you want to make the paper clear, you must make the full text have a running line, which is the theme of the paper. Theme is the essence of an academic paper, which embodies the author's academic views and opinions.

2. When conceiving the layout of a paper, we should strive for a complete and unified structure: when conceiving a paper, sometimes it is written in chronological order, sometimes in geographical position (space) order, but more often it is written in logical relationship, that is, it is required to conform to the internal relations and laws of objective things and to conform to the logic of scientific research and understanding of things. But no matter what the situation is, it must be reasonable, coherent and complete.

3. Do reader analysis: The ultimate goal of writing and publishing any scientific and technological article is to let others read it. Therefore, when conceiving, it is required to "have readers in mind" and do more reader analysis. With a clear audience, we can effectively explore ideas and successfully determine the angle of conception, material selection and expression.

Improve one's conception ability

Drawing up an outline before writing an academic paper is of great help to the author to exercise his thinking and improve his conception ability.

1. Writing outline can help the author outline the framework of the whole paper, reflect his initial ideas formed after digesting materials and logical thinking, plan what to write first, how to express it consistently, where to focus, and where to make some comments or explanations. Writing according to this plan can make the paper clear in level, coherent in content and closely expressed.

2. To draw up a writing outline, you only need to use some simple sentences or even word phrases to prompt, and organize the material units and corresponding arguments into serial numbers. The workload is not big, it is easy to do. The sentences used in the outline to prompt writing can sometimes be used as the titles of paragraphs in the paper.

Second, the common structure of paper writing

Parallel structure

Series structure

Umbrella structure

complex structure

Third, the standard format and writing of academic papers

Title (

The title of the paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper, and it also needs to consider specific practical information, which can help to select keywords, compile titles, indexes and other secondary documents and provide retrieval. The requirements of the thesis topic are as follows:

1, accurate and decent: the title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper, appropriately reflecting the scope and depth of the research, and the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper. Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted.

2, short and pithy: strive to have fewer words on the topic and choose words carefully. Generally, the title of a paper should not exceed 20 words. If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by the method of positive and negative titles.

3. Extension and connotation should be appropriate: extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; Connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object. When making a proposition, if we don't consider the proper use of logical extension and connotation, there may be fallacies, at least inappropriate, and we must be cautious.

4. Eye-catching: The topic of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, but there are still problems such as whether the topic is eye-catching, whether the words used in the topic are eye-catching and the content expressed is eye-catching, and the results are far from the same.

Author's name and unit (

The first is to show the responsibility of writing, the second is to record the results of labor, and the third is to facilitate readers to contact the author and literature retrieval (author index).

Abstract (

1, abstract: the purpose and importance of this study; The main content of the study, indicating what work has been completed; The basic conclusions and research results obtained highlight the new insights of the paper; The meaning of a conclusion or result.

2. Abstract requirements: rigorous structure, concise expression, exact semantics, concise text and sufficient content summary, and the number of words generally does not exceed 5% of the number of words in the paper.

3. Matters needing attention in writing abstract

1) The content that has become common sense in this field should be excluded.

2) Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract.

3) Generally don't interpret and comment on the contents of the paper (especially self-evaluation).

4) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic.

5) What should be written first and then in the abstract should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent from top to bottom, sentence patterns should be as simple as possible, every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or ambiguous words. The abstract is not segmented.

6) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "under study" and "under investigation" should be adopted to show the nature and theme of the literature, and it is not necessary to use "this article" and "author" as subjects.

7) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not well known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.

8) Don't use mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas, and there will be no illustrations and tables unless they are really inflexible.

9) Don't quote other people's published works unless the literature confirms or denies them.

10) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be stated when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by readers of adjacent majors.

Keywords (

Keywords belong to a category of subject words. Keyword is a subject word that marks the key theme content of literature, but it has not been standardized. A paper can choose 3~8 words as keywords. The method of keyword selection is that the author chooses phrases or words that can represent the main content of the paper after completing the writing of the paper.

Hey? Introduction to b> (

Introduction, also known as preface, belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper. Its writing contents include: reasons, purposes, background, previous work and knowledge gap, theoretical basis and experimental basis, expected results and its position, role and significance in related fields. The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words.

Text (

The text is the theory of a paper, belongs to the main body of the paper, is its core part, and occupies the main space. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part.

1. Text content: investigation object, experimental and observation methods, instruments and equipment, original data, experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data, processed charts, formed arguments and conclusions, etc. Of course, the conclusion can be described in a separate section (or section).

2. Paragraph division: According to the nature and content of the paper, treat the paragraph as a relatively independent article unit, be good at dredging ideas and enhancing the order of thinking.

3. Paragraph construction requirements: the meaning of the paragraph should be clear, unified and complete, and the length should be moderate.

4. Experimental results and analysis: This part is the key part of the paper, which should explain the main, important and unconventional common contents. All adopted, standard and commonly used instruments and equipment only need to provide models, specifications and main performance indicators. People who lack experience and accomplishment in writing papers are apt to write this part as an experimental report and list the experimental process one by one, so that the important contents that must be known by people are easily drowned in a long and boring text.

5. Results and Analysis: All the conclusions of the whole paper are drawn from this, all the arguments are triggered from this, and all the reasoning is drawn from this. This part needs to list the experimental data and observation values, and analyze and discuss the experimental errors. Attention should be paid to scientifically and accurately expressing the necessary experimental results and discarding unnecessary parts. Experimental data or results are usually expressed in tables, charts or photos. Try to use charts instead of tables.

6. Results and discussion: Compared with other parts, the "discussion" (or "analysis") part is more difficult to determine what should be written, and it is usually the most difficult part. A well-written "exposition" has the following main characteristics: ① Try to put forward the principles, interrelationships and inductive explanations proved in the "result" part, but only discuss the "result" and should not be repeated. (2) Be able to point out that your results and explanations are consistent or inconsistent with previously published works. (3) Discuss the theoretical significance of your research work and the possibility of practical application. (4) be able to point out any exceptions or problems in the relationship, and clearly put forward the unresolved problems and the direction of solution.

Conclusion: (conclusion)

The conclusion part of the paper should reflect the academic views obtained through experiments, observation and research and theoretical analysis. The conclusion should be the final conclusion and overall conclusion of this paper.

1, writing characteristics of the conclusion: accuracy, completeness, clarity and conciseness.

2. Writing content of the conclusion: What does the result of this study indicate? What amendments, supplements, developments, confirmations or denials have been made to the previous viewpoints? The shortcomings or unsolved problems in this paper, as well as the possible key points and directions to solve these problems.

3. Writing requirements of the conclusion: strict wording, strict logic and concrete words. Like legal provisions, it is usually listed as 1, 2, 3 ... The language is tentative and can only be interpreted in one way, neither ambiguous nor ambiguous. Don't exaggerate the text, there is room for attention to the content that is not completely determined.

Confirm (

According to GB77 13-87, the thank-you sentence is placed after the text, which reflects the thanks to the following aspects: National Science Foundation, contracting units, enterprises, organizations or individuals funded and supported; Organizations or individuals that assist in the completion of research work and provide convenient conditions; Someone who gives advice and help in research work; Owners of materials, pictures, documents, research ideas and ideas that have the right to reprint and quote; Thanks to other organizations and individuals.

References (

References should generally be listed after academic papers for three purposes: ① to reflect the real scientific basis; (2) In order to reflect a serious scientific attitude, distinguish one's own views or achievements from those of others; (3) In order to show respect for the scientific achievements of predecessors, the source of the cited materials should also be indicated for easy retrieval.

In the process of writing academic papers, many documents may be cited. Do you need to list them all?

The answer is no. In fact, you only need to list the most important and critical documents cited.