The original meaning of the word baroque is grotesque, and classicists use it to refer to this architectural style that is considered to be deviant. This style played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once widely popular in Europe.
The Jesuit church in Rome, designed by the famous Italian architect and architectural theorist Vignola in the late Renaissance, is a masterpiece of the transition from technicalism to baroque style, and some people call it the first baroque building.
Handicraft is an artistic style in Europe in the late16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of weird and unusual effects, such as expressing space in a deformed and uncoordinated way and expressing characters in an exaggerated slender proportion. In the history of architecture, it refers to the tendency of early baroque style in the works of some Italian architects from 1530 to 1600.
The Jesuit church in Rome has a rectangular plane with a shrine at the end, which evolved from the Latin cross used in Gothic churches. The central hall is wide, and the vault is covered with statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms were used on both sides to replace the original side porch. A dome rises in the middle of the cross. The altar of the church is richly decorated and free, and the mountain flowers on it break through the classical French style, making icons and decorating the lights. The facade of the church draws lessons from the treatment method of Santa Maria, a small Florence church designed by Alberti, an architect in the early Renaissance. The eaves and mountain flowers above the main entrance are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and inclined columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the main entrance. There are two pairs of large scrolls on both sides of the upper part of the front. These therapies were unique and were widely imitated later.
Baroque style broke the blind worship of Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architectural theorist, and also broke through all kinds of rules and regulations formulated by classicists in the late Renaissance, reflecting the secular thought of yearning for freedom. On the other hand, the baroque church is magnificent, which can create a very strong mysterious atmosphere and meet the requirements of the Catholic church to show off its wealth and pursue mystery. Therefore, Baroque architecture originated in Rome and soon spread all over Europe, even as far away as America. Some baroque buildings pursue luxury and verve too much, even to the point of being bulky and piled up.
Since 1930s, the wealth of Italian churches has been increasing day by day, and all parishes have built their own baroque churches. Because of its small scale, it is not suitable to use Latin cross plane, so it is mostly changed to single-space halls such as round, oval, plum blossom and round petal cross, and curved surfaces are widely used in modeling. A typical example is the church of San Carlo in Rome, which was designed by Borromini. Its temple plane is approximately olive-shaped, and there are some irregular small prayer rooms around it; There is also a living courtyard. The hall plane and ceiling decoration emphasize dynamic curve, the vertical mountain flowers are disconnected, the cornice is horizontally bent, the wall is concave and convex, and the decoration is rich, which has a strong light and shadow effect. Although the design technique is skillful, it is inevitable that there is a feeling of affectation. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/7th century, baroque churches became popular in Italy. There are many novel and original works, but there are also buildings with poor technology and excessive stacking.
In order to show off the wealth of papal countries to pilgrims, the papal authorities built wide avenues and magnificent squares in Rome, which opened up a new road for the free and unrestrained style of Baroque.
Roman Polo Square, built by Roman architect fontana in the17th century, is the intersection of three radial main roads, with an obelisk in the center and statues and green belts around it. There are two symmetrical churches with the same style between the radial main roads. This square is open and unrestrained, and many European countries are scrambling to follow suit. France built a radial square in front of Versailles Palace, and Russia built a radial square in front of the Admiralty Building in Petersburg. The square in front of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome was designed by bernini, an outstanding baroque architect and sculptor, and is surrounded by the Tuscan colonnade in Rome. The whole layout is bold and dynamic, and the light and shadow effect is strong.
Baroque architectural style is also very popular in some countries in Central Europe, especially Germany and Austria. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, many German architects combined Italian Baroque architectural style with German national architectural style after returning from studying in Italy. By the first half of18th century, German Baroque architecture had become a wonderful work in the history of European architecture.
German Baroque style churches are simple and elegant in appearance, soft in shape, less in decoration, flat in external walls and in harmony with the natural environment. The interior decoration of the church is very gorgeous, which creates a strong contrast between the inside and the outside. Famous examples are the Fourteen Saints Pilgrimage Church in the suburbs of Bamberg and Abbey Church in Roche.
The layout of the pilgrimage church of the Fourteenth Saints is very novel. The main hall and shrine are made into three continuous ellipses, and the arched ceiling echoes this. The interior of the church is covered with all kinds of plant-like decorative patterns made of lime mud, which is magnificent. The appearance of the church is relatively dull, with a pair of towers on the front, dotted with soft curves and full of intimacy.
The appearance of Roche Abbey Church is also very simple, and the interior decoration is also very exquisite, especially the ceiling above the shrine is covered with flying angels carved with white marble, and in the middle of the shrine is a group sculpture composed of the Virgin and two angels; Below the shrine is a group of statues of saints with different expressions.
Austrian baroque architectural style was mainly imported from Germany. /kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, many famous buildings in Austria were designed by German architects. For example, the Shubelen Palace in Vienna is a serious classical architectural form, while the interior hall is Italian Baroque style. All the pillars in the hall are carved into human shapes, and the pillars and vaults are covered with relief decoration, which is the product of the combination of baroque style and classical style.
It rose in the middle of17th century, with free and unrestrained style and complex and changeable modeling, but some architectural decorations were piled up too much. Santiago Cathedral in Spain is a typical example of architecture in this period. [Edit this paragraph] The important feature of Baroque architecture is that the long and narrow nave of the church is replaced by a wider and occasionally circular form.
Strong use of light, or strong contrast between light and shade, monochrome painting (i.e. the Wildenberg Abbey of the church), or consistent lighting through several windows (i.e. the Weingarten Abbey of the church).
Used for decoration (putty is made of wood (usually gold-plated), gypsum or plaster, marble or fake marble)
Large ceiling mural
The external facade is usually depicted as a sharp central prediction.
The inner shell is usually not used for painting and sculpture (especially in the late baroque style)
Illusion effects are like wrong-looking painting and mixed painting and architecture.
In the baroque style of Bavaria and Swabia, onion-shaped domes are common.
The sacred buildings in Baroque style are mainly influenced by Italian examples, especially the intersection of Rome and cathedral, dome and nave. The center of baroque secular architecture is France, and the three-wing layout of palaces was established as a standard method as early as16th century. But this is Salomon de Brosse's Palais du Luxembourg (built in 16 15- 1620), which established the baroque architectural paradigm.
classic architecture
classic architecture
Classical architecture in a broad sense refers to Italian Renaissance architecture, Baroque architecture and classical Renaissance architecture developed on the basis of ancient Greek architecture and ancient Roman architecture. Their common feature is the use of classical columns. In a narrow sense, classical architecture refers to the use of "pure" ancient Greek and Roman architecture, Italian Renaissance architectural style and classical column architecture, mainly French classical architecture, and buildings influenced by it in other regions. Classical architecture usually refers to narrow sense.
/kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, the dominant trend of French culture and art was classicism. The philosophical basis of classical aesthetics is rationalism, which holds that art needs strict rules and norms as clear as mathematics. Like literature, painting, drama and other art categories at that time, classical architectural theory was also formed in architecture. The French classical theorist Blondel said that "beauty comes from measurement and proportion". He believes that the architectural style obtained by Italian Renaissance architects through surveying and mapping the architectural relics of ancient Greece and Rome is an eternal golden rule. He also said, "the classic column gives the measurement rules of all other things." In architectural design, classicists take classical columns as the basis of composition, emphasizing axis, symmetry, proportion and master-slave relationship. The design of the east facade of the Louvre Palace in Paris highlights the principles of classical architecture, and the Palace of Versailles is also a masterpiece of classicism.
Classical architecture, centered on France, spread to other European countries, and later affected the vast areas of the world, and was more used in palace buildings, memorial buildings and large public buildings, and there was a trend of classical revival architecture from the 1960s to the 9th century. Many classical architectural works around the world are still praised by people today. But classicism is not omnipotent, let alone eternal. 19 At the end of the 20th century, with the change of social conditions and the development of architecture itself, classicism, as a complete architectural system, was gradually replaced by other architectural thoughts. However, as an important architectural cultural heritage, classical architecture is still used by architects in modern architecture.