It involves field theory and group theory. Another example of algebraic theory is linear algebra, which makes a general study of vector space with quantitative and directional elements. These phenomena show that geometry and algebra, which were originally considered irrelevant, actually have a strong correlation. Combinatorial mathematics studies the methods of enumerating digital objects satisfying a given structure.
2. All social and historical foundations "People can't freely choose their own productive forces-this is the foundation of their whole history, because any productive force is a vested power and a product of past activities". The development of productive forces means that each generation takes the production capacity inherited from the previous generation as the premise of production activities, and further improves the production capacity, and then passes this improved production capacity on to the next generation. Here, although each generation has improved their productivity through their own hands, so that their own purpose and will have an effect on the development of productivity, but because people can only exert force on society through their own activities, each generation can not exert force on human society before their birth and after their death, so the whole development of human productivity is independent of each generation's own will, which cannot be determined by their own will.
Not only that, but even what I can do to improve human productivity is determined by the historical development before human productivity. In this way, because the leading role of human purpose and will can only exist in the activities of everyone and people with unified will, human productivity is gradually developed through teaching and accumulation in the process of generation replacement, and the development of the whole human productivity is independent of the will of each generation. As a result of purposeful activities, the development of human productivity has the nature of a natural process.
3. There are many LZ points in the history and feelings of mathematics development. I will write one for you.
Since China's first mathematical work, Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, China's mathematical career has developed vigorously. Mathematicians such as Zu Chongzhi and Qin all add luster to the history of Chinese mathematics in the world, and many mathematical theories are ahead of foreign countries for many years. However, China's traditional mathematics has an obvious feature, that is, mathematics works focus on the problems in social production and life practice, and are basically classified according to social and life fields, which is too practical and is not conducive to the formation of abstract concepts and propositions. Moreover, China's traditional mathematics has always been under the control of * * *, directly subject to the ideology of the ruling class and the needs of society. In particular, the policies of the feudal rulers of the Ming Dynasty were not conducive to the development of mathematics. All these lead to the slow development of mathematics in China in the later period, which can't keep up with the pace of the world.
With regard to the development of modern mathematics in China, the study of modern mathematics in China really began after the May 4th Movement in 19 19. During this period, many great mathematicians emerged, such as Su, Li, and Li. Most of them became famous mathematicians and mathematicians after returning to China, and made important contributions to the development of modern mathematics in China. Since the establishment of 19 12 Peking University Mathematics Department, China's mathematics education has become increasingly mature, and many talents in the field of mathematics have been trained, and great achievements have been made in many fields (PS: look at LZ itself first, it is very easy and too long). However, it is worth noting that since the reform and opening up, China's economic strength has been continuously enhanced and its foreign cooperation has been increasing. However, the utilitarian and impetuous psychology that this brings to people cannot be ignored. Look at the mathematics education in China now. Everyone is engaged in competitions (although there are restrictions in the country now), and many of them are uninterested problem-solving machines. It is difficult for such people to make great progress in the field of mathematics.
China is becoming stronger and stronger. Our new generation of young people should have ideals, not only pay attention to high-yield disciplines and majors, but also pay attention to the development of basic disciplines. The scientific and technological level of a country is not only reflected in the industrial field, but also the basic theory is an inseparable part of science. Throughout the history of mathematics development in China, no matter what era, there are generations of talented people. I hope China's mathematics will make great progress in our generation, and don't let China's long history be put to shame in our generation.
Hey, hey, scribble, no, don't spray me.
The Zigang team will sincerely answer your questions, welcome criticism and correction, and we will make progress together.
Typing is not easy. If you are satisfied, please adopt it.
4. History of Mathematics Development Sohu Blog >; Rain in Mao Mao > Log > Mathematical Knowledge 2007-09- 1 1 | Overview of China's Mathematical Development History Label: Mathematics Chapter IX Pythagorean Theorem of Arithmetic China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world, located in the east of Asia and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.
The Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin are the cradles of China culture. Around 2000 BC, the first slave country Xia Dynasty (2033- 1562 BC) appeared in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and * * * experienced thirteen kings and sixteen kings. Then came the merchants of slave states (562- 1066 BC, the 17th calendar king) and the Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1027- BC 77 1, 11th and 12th calendar kings, which lasted about 257 years).
Then there was the first great ethnic division in China's history-the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) and the Warring States Period (403-22 BC1year). At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Chinese civilization entered the feudal era, and by 22 1 year BC, the first feudal monarchy in China appeared. In the later period, the feudal civilization of China continued to develop on the basis of the feudal system of the Qin Empire. It experienced the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 AD-220 AD), the Three Kingdoms Period (208 AD-280 AD), the Western Jin Dynasty (265 AD-3 16 AD) and the Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17 AD) to 5AD. Established a unified Sui Dynasty (5865438+ AD), followed by the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907 AD), the northern minority regime Liao (9 16- AD125 AD), and the economically and culturally developed Northern Song Dynasty (960-AD) Kloc-0/27- 1279), as well as the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644), which was re-established by the Han nationality in China, and the Qing Dynasty (/Kloc-0), which was established by the Ming Dynasty in the middle of17th century for the ethnic minority Jurchen nationality.
The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal monarchy in China. From then on, China broke away from the monarchy and became a modern democratic country.
Like ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and India, Chinese civilization is an ancient farming civilization, but it is completely different from other civilizations. Its sustained development of more than two thousand years is unique in the history of world civilization. This civilization attaches great importance to the management of social affairs, emphasizes reality and experience, and cares about the harmony between man and nature and the order of ethical society. Confucianism is an important ideological basis for mediating social contradictions and maintaining the sustainable development of this civilization.
First, the origin and early development of mathematics in China According to the Book of Changes, "ancient times ruled by knots, and later sages learned by books". There are many numerals in Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins.
From one to ten, as well as hundred, thousand and ten thousand, are special symbolic characters. * * * There are 13 independent symbols, and the notation is written in a combined document, including decimal notation, with a maximum of 30,000. Calculation is a calculation tool in ancient China, and this calculation method is called calculation.
The age of calculation cannot be verified, but it is certain that calculation has been very common in the Spring and Autumn Period. There are two ways to count vertical and horizontal chips: when representing multiple digits, the decimal numerical system is adopted, and the digits of each value are arranged from left to right, alternating vertically and horizontally [the rule is: one vertical and ten horizontal, thousands are stiff, thousands are equal to thousands, and ten thousand are equal to one hundred], and spaces are used to represent zeros.
Calculation and financing establish good conditions for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Calculation was not gradually replaced by abacus until the end of Yuan Dynasty in15th century. It was on the basis of calculation that China ancient mathematics made brilliant achievements.
In geometry, according to Records of the Historian Xia Benji, Yu Xia used ruler, moment, ruler, rope and other drawing and measuring tools. And a special case of Pythagorean theorem has been found, which is called Pythagorean theorem in the west. During the Warring States Period, the Work Inspection Book written by Qi people summed up the technical specifications of handicrafts at that time, including some measurement contents and some geometric knowledge, such as the concept of angle.
A hundred schools of thought contended during the Warring States period also promoted the development of mathematics, and some schools also summarized many abstract concepts related to mathematics. As we all know, Mo Jing's definitions and propositions of some geometric terms, such as "a circle, an equal length", "flat, the same height" and so on.
Mohist school also gave the definitions of finite and infinite. Zhuangzi records the famous theories of Hui Shi and others, and the topics put forward by debaters such as Huan Tuan and Gong Sunlong, emphasizing abstract mathematical ideas, such as "the greatest is the greatest, the smallest is the smallest", "one foot pestle, half a day, inexhaustible" and so on.
Many mathematical propositions such as these definitions and limit ideas of geometric concepts are quite valuable mathematical ideas, but this new idea of attaching importance to abstraction and logical rigor has not been well inherited and developed. In addition, the Book of Changes, which tells the gossip of Yin and Yang and predicts good and bad luck, has sprouted from combinatorial mathematics, reflecting the idea of binary system.
Second, the formation and foundation of China's mathematical system This period includes the history of mathematical development from Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei and Jin Dynasties, Southern and Northern Dynasties to * * * four hundred years. The Qin and Han Dynasties was the formation period of China's ancient mathematical system. In order to systematize and theorize the growing mathematical knowledge, specialized mathematical books have appeared one after another.
The earliest mathematical monograph in the history of China is Shu Shu, a Han bamboo slip unearthed in Zhangjiashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province in 1984, which was written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. At the same time, a Resume of the Han Dynasty was written in the second year of Lv Hou (BC 186), so the book was written in BC 186 at the latest (it should be before). The Book of Weekly Parallel Calculations, compiled at the end of the Western Han Dynasty [the first century BC], is an astronomical work about Gaitian's cosmology, but it contains many mathematical contents. There are two main achievements in mathematics: (1) put forward a special case and a universal form of Pythagorean theorem; (2) Chen Zi's method of measuring the height and distance of the sun was the first of gravity difference's method (Pythagorean measurement method).
5. The historical basis of Hengyang's development Hengyang was positioned as a national equipment industrial base during the planned economy period. In 1950s and 1980s, it was the three major industrial and commercial cities in central and southern China [19], the five major second-class industrial centers in China and the industrial and commercial center in Hunan, which were on a par with Tangshan, Xuzhou, Mianyang and Jinzhou, and became the "first choice for outsiders".
In 1990s, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in Hengyang were in trouble one after another. Enterprises went bankrupt and employees were laid off, which is called "the lost decade" in history. With the advancement of the restructuring of state-owned enterprises, foreign capital represented by TBEA merged and reorganized Hengyang local enterprises, and sinosteel invested 2 billion yuan to integrate Hengyang Nonferrous Metallurgical Machinery Factory; China Building Materials invested 5 billion yuan to build a high value-added new energy building materials base in Hengyang, focusing on the development of four major industries: cement, glass, ceramics and gypsum board; Minmetals Group increased its capital by 654.38 billion yuan, making Shuikoushan, a thousand-year-old mine, enter the central enterprises, and invested 5 billion yuan to build a new electrolytic copper project with an annual output of 400,000 tons in Hengyang, with an additional capacity of 20 billion yuan to build a non-ferrous metal base in South China.
Zhongyan, CNNC, PetroChina, Guodian and other 16 central enterprises, as well as Foxconn, Omron and ZTE, have come to settle down. Power transmission and transformation manufacturing, brine chemical industry and fine chemical industry, nonferrous metal smelting and deep processing, iron and steel smelting and pipe deep processing, automobiles and parts are five major industrial clusters in Hengyang, while machinery and equipment manufacturing, textile and brewing food processing, electronic information and new materials, biopharmaceuticals, nonmetals and building materials are five major characteristic industries in Hengyang.
It has formed hundreds of billions of equipment manufacturing industries led by TBEA and Sinosteel Hengzhong, hundreds of billions of mineral products deep processing industries led by China Minmetals and Sanan Mining, hundreds of billions of brine chemical and fine chemical industries led by Tao Jian Chemical and Xiangheng Salt Chemical, 50 billion food processing industries led by Yanjing Beer and Wahaha, and 50 billion new building materials industries led by China Building Materials and Henglifeng.