1, medieval scholasticism has always been regarded as a blank period for the development of medieval western science. However, its mainstream academic form, scholasticism, inherited the Platonism tradition of ancient Greek philosophy, making its orderly and understandable natural creed gradually become a self-evident belief in people's hearts, laying a good metaphysical foundation for the emergence of modern western natural science, so that people no longer need to argue about how science is possible. Directly into the discussion of methodology and the study of specific disciplines. The tension between realism and nominalism in scholasticism constitutes the ideological ecology of modern science. Realism inherits Plato's rationalism, attaches importance to the invisible, essential and rational world behind empirical phenomena, and believes that understanding this world requires the use of rationality rather than senses, especially mathematics. Realism objectively strengthens the accumulation and training of human reason and develops the logical method of deduction. Nominalism inherits the empiricism in Aristotle's philosophy and guides people to turn their attention to the experience and observation of specific things. Thus, the method of empirical reductionism was initially formed. At the same time, the basic position of nominalism makes inductive logic get attention; Moreover, nominalism itself has become a symbol of the spirit of free exploration. In terms of time, the first important philosopher of scholasticism is undoubtedly Iliugna. Under the influence of neo-Platonism, he established the first complete philosophical system in medieval Europe. In the 20th century, some scholars began to introduce dialectics into theological research, which triggered a great debate about dialectics. On the premise that faith dominates reason, Anselmus affirmed the role of reason in theology, thus laying the foundation of scholasticism. The debate about * * * phase has also formed two schools of realism and nominalism in scholasticism. Realism insists that * * phase is a real reality, a spiritual entity that exists or precedes things, while nominalism holds that * * phase is just a noun or concept. Only a few things are real reality. Argumentation must be based on rationality, and argumentation also promotes the development of rationality. Therefore, within the framework of Christian belief, rationalism in Europe has resurfaced. 2. The phenomenon of Plato's salvation In the era of Plato and Aristotle, the mainstream of Greek philosophy has changed from natural philosophy to humanistic philosophy. Plato and Aristotle's theory of rule of law is the product of this change. In Plato's political philosophy, man is its starting point and final destination. Plato took human interests and happiness as the ultimate goal, and put forward two strategies of governing the country: the rule of saints and the rule of law. In the early days, Plato put forward a philosopher's strategy of governing the country based on human virtue. The ideological origin of this strategy is that his teacher Socrates thinks that virtue is knowledge. He believes that the human soul consists of three parts: reason, will and desire, and three kinds of people are derived from this. Namely, rulers, soldiers and people. Three kinds of people have three different virtues, namely wisdom, courage and temperance. Wisdom is a talent for governing the country and an essential quality for rulers. If the rulers have wisdom, the whole country will have wisdom. If the ruler is unwise, the whole country will fall into ignorance. Courage is an essential quality of soldiers and a guarantee of national security; Temperance is the quality of farmers and craftsmen. It is to control one's own desires and suppress inferior quality with noble quality. Rulers are the highest and decisive level and the embodiment of wisdom, so only philosophers can take responsibility. He said: "The study of political art naturally belongs to philosophers and politicians who love the wise." Every regime has a government, whether it is ruled by law or not, whether the subjects are willing or not. As long as its rulers are not superficial but really master scientific knowledge, it is a very correct government and the only real government. "Obviously, Plato put the law in an irrelevant position, because his ideal ruler-philosopher has superhuman wisdom and insight, and has the character of putting an end to favoritism and refusing to corrode. Compared with wisdom, law is lame. Therefore, in Plato's view, making the wisdom of philosophers subject to the laws of rigid dogma is tantamount to making real knowledge subject to everyone's "opinions" and making human wisdom subject to habits and prejudice. Law is not created for the wise, but for the inherent defects of ordinary people. Philosophers have no defects of ordinary people. Therefore, the rule of philosophers is the rule of knowledge or wisdom, and it is an ideal way of governing the country.

In his later years, Plato doubted his philosopher's strategy of governing the country because he failed to convince King Syracuse with the philosopher's strategy of governing the country and the tragic situation of his two trips to Sicily, which prompted him to have the idea of governing the country according to law. At this time, he said in a letter: "Don't let Sicily or any other city obey the master of mankind (although such obedience is my theory), but obey the law. Obedience is bad for both master and subjects. This is not good for themselves and their descendants. " In Law, Plato not only advocated restoring the first important position of law, but also re-conceived a "second-class ideal country", that is, the blueprint of a country ruled by law. He began to step out of the circle of "ideas" and pay attention to the reality of Greek politics. He believes that in an era when a wise king like a philosopher can't appear, law is the book of God's voice conveying his commands, and no city-state should be dominated by rulers or special interest groups. If there is absolute power beyond the law, no matter who is in power or who is obedient, it can only bring disaster. At the same time, he no longer depends on human virtue, but starts from human nature. He thinks that without law, human beings are no different from "savage animals", so the law should override all officials and citizens of the country, and all political and social activities should follow the law. He emphasized that "in all sciences, law is a science that can make people perfect and make people interested." A country whose rulers and citizens obey the law will be saved and blessed by God. It can be seen that Plato first put forward the rule of man from the logical starting point of man, but for the practical interests of man, he finally accepted the rule of law.

The above description shows that the classical concept of rule of law not only grows in the embryonic stage of humanistic spirit, but also embodies certain humanistic care everywhere. In this sense, humanistic spirit constitutes the spiritual basis of western theory of rule of law. 3. Verifiability principle can also be called testability principle. The content specified in any standard should be very clear and verifiable.

Empiricism is the common premise of logical positivism and Dewey's philosophy. The principle of verifiability is the expression of the meaning standard of empirical statement and judgment. Logical positivism rejects the problem of value according to the principle of verifiability. On the premise of acknowledging the principle of verifiability, Dewey demonstrated the verifiability of value judgment from three aspects: the verifiability of value expression, the verifiability of emotion and desire, and the verifiability of evaluation and judgment, thus defending the legitimacy of philosophical research on value issues. Verifiability principle and falsifiability principle are the core of logical positivism and Popper's critical rationalism, respectively, but they are not simply opposite principles, but there are some mistakes. Not the theoretical connotation of equivalence; This is not the spirit of reciprocity. Confirmation is to prove that it is a fact; Falsification means that any scientific theory has certain limitations. If it exceeds a certain range, a new theory must be established, and the original theory will be "falsified", but the original theory is still true, only effective under the original conditions, not "pseudoscience". Any scientific theory is just a guess or hypothesis, and there must be mistakes hidden in it. Even if we can escape the test of the experiment for a while, it will be exposed one day. The results were refuted or falsified by experiments. Science develops in such a cycle of constantly putting forward conjectures, finding mistakes and being denied, and then putting forward new conjectures. There are mistakes in science, which should be tested by experience. This is not a shortcoming of science, but an advantage, or "falsifiability" is a symbol of science. Religious theology and all metaphysics do not have this advantage.

(1) Economic base: Capitalism first appeared in Europe. (2) Class foundation: the formation/development of the bourgeoisie. In order to safeguard its own economic and political interests, it is urgent to destroy the theological worldview of the church and eradicate all kinds of traditional concepts of maintaining the feudal system. (3) Material foundation: the economic prosperity of Europe, especially Italy. (4) Cultural foundation: Europe has preserved more classical Greek and Roman cultures. (5) Talent reasons: 1453 After the demise of the Byzantine Empire, a large number of scholars familiar with Latin fled to Italy, and they brought a large number of ancient Greek and Roman books. (6) Direct cause: Feudal theology imprisoned people's thoughts.