? Von Neumann taught at the University of Berlin and the University of Hamburg, went to the United States in 1930 and later became an American citizen. He was a professor at Princeton University and a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. He was elected as a member of the American Atomic Energy Commission and the National Academy of Sciences. Jujube is famous for its research on operator theory, vibration theory, quantum theory and set theory, and founded von Neumann algebra. Von Neumann participated in the Manhattan Project during World War II and contributed to the development of the first atomic bomb.
? Von Neumann 1944 and Oscar Morgenster co-authored < < Game Theory and Economic Behavior > >: >, which is the basic work of game theory. In his later years, von Neumann turned to the study of automata theory and wrote a book about the accurate analysis of human brain and computer system:>( 1958), which provided a basic scheme for the development of electronic digital computers. Other major works include:>( 1926),< operator method of classical mechanics >:>,< continuous geometry >:>( 1960) and so on.
? I sometimes wonder whether a brain like von Neumann implies that the village is a higher biological species than human beings-hans bethe (Nobel Prize winner in physics).
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? Von Neumann is a real rich second generation. His father, Max, is young and handsome. With diligence, wit and good management, he has been one of the bankers in Budapest since he was young. Von Neumann's mother is a kind woman, virtuous and docile, with a good education.
? Von Neumann has shown his talent in mathematics and memory since he was a child, and since Heidi's time, he has the talent of never forgetting anything. Later, Liu can play jokes on his father in Greek. At the age of six, he could divide eight numbers in his mind, and at the age of eight, he mastered calculus. At the age of ten, he spent several months reading 48 volumes of world history. He could compare the current events with an event in history and discuss their military theories and political strategies. At the age of twelve, he read and understood Bohr's masterpiece & gt Essence.
? 192 1 year, von Neumann passed the "mature" exam and was regarded as a great mathematician. His first paper was co-written with Fichte, who is under 18 years old. Max asked someone to dissuade von Neumann of Kloc-0/7 from specializing in mathematics for economic reasons. Later, the father and son reached an agreement that von Neumann would study chemistry.
? In the following four years, von Neumann registered as a student of the Department of Mathematics of Budapest University, but he didn't attend classes. He just takes the exam on time every year and gets an A in the exam. At the same time, von Neumann entered the University of Berlin (192 1 year) and studied chemistry at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland in 1923. From 65438 to 0926, he obtained a degree in university chemistry from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. He also returned to Budapest University at the end of each semester and passed the course examination, and obtained a doctorate in mathematics from Budapest University.
? Von Neumann's learning style of taking exams instead of lectures was very special at that time, which was completely irregular in Europe. But this irregular learning method is very suitable for von Neumann.
? During his stay in Zurich, von Neumann often used his spare time to study mathematics, write articles and correspond with mathematicians. During this period, von Neumann was influenced by Hilbert and his students Schmidt and Weil, and began to study mathematical logic. At that time, Weil and Boya were also in Zurich, and he was in contact with them. Once Val left Zurich for a short time, and von Neumann took classes for him. With his intelligence and unique cultivation, von Neumann thrived. By the time he finished his student days, he had explored some frontier fields of mathematics, physics and chemistry.
? 1926 In the spring, von Neumann went to the University of G? ttingen as Hilbert's assistant. From 1927 to 1929, von Neumann was a part-time lecturer at the University of Berlin, during which he published articles on set theory, algebra and quantum theory. From 65438 to 0927, von Neumann went to Lviv, Poland to attend the congress of mathematicians. That's because his work in mathematical foundation and set theory is already very famous.
? 1930 von Neumann married Marida Kaus. Their daughter Marina was born in Princeton on 1935. As we all know, von Neumann's family often holds lasting social gatherings. Von Neumann divorced his wife on 1937, married Clara Dan on 1938 and returned to Princeton together. Dan studied mathematics with von Neumann and later became a game programmer. After he married Clara, von Neumann's home is still a place where scientists meet, and everyone will feel an atmosphere of wisdom there.
? After the outbreak of World War II in Europe, von Neumann surpassed Princeton and participated in many scientific research projects related to the anti-fascist war. From 1934, he became a consultant to make atomic bombs, and he was still recognized by many government departments and committees after the war. 1953 is also called a member of the American Atomic Energy Commission. Strauss, Von Neumann's long-time friend and chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, once commented on him: From his appointment to the late autumn of 1955, Von Neumann did a beautiful job. She has an ability that people can't catch up with, and the most difficult problems will be broken down into seemingly simple things in his hands. With this award, he greatly promoted the work of the Atomic Energy Commission.
? Von Neumann has been in good health, but due to his busy work, he began to feel very tired at 1954. 1955 In the summer, he was diagnosed with cancer by X-ray, but he persisted in his work and his condition expanded. Later, he was put in a wheelchair, continued to think, and attended a speech-level meeting. Long-term heartless illness tortured him and slowly stopped him from all activities. /kloc-0 entered Walter Reed Hospital in Washington in April, 1956, and/kloc-0 died in the hospital on February 8, 1957 at the age of 53.
? Von Neumann is one of the most important mathematicians in the 20th century. He has made outstanding contributions to both pure mathematics and applied mathematics. His work can be roughly divided into two periods: before 1940, he mainly studied pure mathematics: he put forward a simple and clear ordinal number theory in mathematical logic, and made a new axiomatization of set theory, in which set and class were clearly distinguished; Then he studied the spectral theory of linear self-adjoint operators in Hilbert space, which laid the mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics. From 65438 to 0930, he proved that the average ergodic theorem opened up a new field of ergodic theory; In 1933, he solved Hilbert's fifth problem by using compact groups. In addition, he also made pioneering contributions in the fields of measure theory, lattice theory and continuous geometry. From 1936 to 1943, he cooperated with Murray to establish the operator ring theory, the so-called von Neumann algebra.
? After 1940, von Neumann turned to applied mathematics. If his pure mathematical achievements belong to mathematics, then his work in mechanics, economics, numerical analysis and electronic computers belongs to all mankind. At the beginning of World War II, von Neumann studied the motion of compressible gas, established shock wave theory and theory of turbulence, and developed fluid mechanics. Starting from 1942, he co-authored the book Game Theory and Economic Behavior with Morgenstein, which is a classic work in game theory, making him one of the founders of mathematical economics.
? Von Neumann proposed to design the world's first electronic computer ENIAC (Electronic Digital Integral Computer), and in March 1945, he drafted a brand-new "stored program universal electronic computer scheme" (abbreviation of EDVACELECTRIC discrete variable automatic computer). This has a decisive influence on later computer design, especially the determination of computer structure, the use of stored programs and binary codes, which are still followed by electronic computer designers.
? From 65438 to 0946, von Neumann began to learn programming. He is one of the founders of modern numerical analysis and computational mathematics. He first studied the numerical calculation of linear algebra and arithmetic, then focused on the discretization and stability of nonlinear differential equations, and gave the error estimation. He helped develop some algorithms, especially the Monte Carlo method.
? In the late 1940s, he began to study automata theory, general logic theory and self-replication system. At the last moment of his life, he made a profound comparison between natural automata and artificial automata. After his death, his unfinished manuscript was published in the name of computer and human brain in 1958.
? Whether in pure mathematics or applied mathematics research, von Neumann has shown outstanding talents and made many far-reaching and significant achievements. It is his characteristic to constantly change the research theme and succeed repeatedly in the cross-infiltration of several disciplines.
? To put it simply, his quintessential contribution is two points: binary thought and program memory thought.
? Von Neumann Architecture
? When it comes to the development of computers, we can't help but mention American scientist von Neumann. Since the beginning of the 20th century, scientists in the fields of physics and electronics have been arguing about what kind of structure should be used to make machines that can perform numerical calculations. People are troubled by the decimal system, a technical method that human beings have become accustomed to. Therefore, the voice of developing analog computers at that time was louder and more powerful. In the mid-1930s, American scientist von Neumann boldly proposed to abandon decimal system and adopt binary system as the numerical basis of digital computer. At the same time, he also said that the calculation program is prepared in advance, and then the computer will carry out numerical calculation according to the calculation order set in advance.
? The main points of von Neumann's theory are: the numerical value of digital computer adopts binary; Computers should be executed in program order.
? People call von Neumann's theory von Neumann architecture. From ENIAC(ENIAC is not a von Neumann system) to the most advanced computers at present, the von Neumann system is adopted. So von Neumann is the father of digital computers.
? A computer based on von Neumann architecture must have the following functions:
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