1. Common substances:
ATP, PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate), PEG (polyethylene glycol), inactivated virus, NADPH (reduced coenzyme II), allergens, plant hormones, auxins, auxin analogues, animal hormones, pyruvate, a few special chlorophyll a molecules, plasmids, restriction endonucleases, DNA ligases, etc.
2. Commonly used reagents:
Ignition reagent, Sudan III, Sudan IV, biuret reagent, diphenylamine, 50% ethanol solution, 15% hydrochloric acid, 95% ethanol solution, gentian violet solution, magenta acetate, 20% liver, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 3.5% ferric chloride, 3% soluble starch solution, 3% calcium carbonate, 3% soluble starch solution.
3. Eukaryotes: They have complex organelles and formed nuclei, including yeasts, molds (filamentous fungi), mushrooms (macrofungi) and other eukaryotes such as unicellular algae and protozoa (paramecium, paramecium, amoeba, Plasmodium vivax, etc. ).
① Mould: It can be used in fermentation industry, and is widely used to produce alcohol, citric acid, glycerol, enzyme preparations (such as protease, amylase, cellulase, etc. ), sterols, vitamins and so on. In agriculture, it can be used for feed fermentation to produce auxin (such as erythromycin), insecticidal pesticides (such as Beauveria bassiana) and herbicides. Hazards such as food mildew and toxin production (for example, aflatoxin has carcinogenic effect, and Fusarium toxin may be related to Keshan disease). Common molds mainly include Mucor, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Gibberella, Beauveria bassiana, Neurospora, Trichoderma and so on.
4. Microbial metabolic types:
① Photoautotrophic: photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria (using water as hydrogen donor), purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria (using H2S as hydrogen donor and strictly anaerobic) 2H2S+CO2 [CH2O]+H2O+2S.
② Photoenergy heterotrophy: Photosynthetic growth with light as energy source and organic matter (formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, methanol, isopropanol, pyruvic acid and lactic acid) as carbon source and hydrogen donor. Solar fungi use pyruvate and lactic acid as the only carbon sources for photosynthetic growth.
③ chemoautotrophic: sulfur bacteria, iron bacteria, hydrogen bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, methanogenic bacteria (anaerobic autotrophic bacteria) CO2+4H2 CH4+2H2O.
④ Chemotactic heterotrophy: parasitic bacteria and saprophytic bacteria.
⑤ Aerobic bacteria: nitrifying bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium flavum, etc.
⑥ Anaerobic bacteria: lactic acid bacteria, tetanus bacillus, etc.
⑦ Intermediate type: Rhodosporium (photoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic, anaerobic [facultative photoautotrophic]), Hydromonas (chemoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic [facultative autotrophic]) and yeast (aerobic, anaerobic [facultative anaerobic]).
(8) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (rhizobia, etc.). ) and autotrophic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (chromosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria).
5. Plants: C3 and C4 plants, sunny and shady plants, peas, shepherd's purse, corn, rice (2× 12), onion (2×8), banana (3n), common wheat (hexaploid), octoploid triticale, seedless watermelon (3n) and seedless watermelon.
6. Animals: humans (2×23), fruit flies (2×4), horses (2×32), donkeys (2×3 1), mules (63), etc.
The above are some knowledge points that we helped you summarize in the science exam of Senior Two. It may be helpful for students to have a look before the exam.