Regarding the memorial, senior officials in the Qing dynasty spoke to the emperor on paper. The memorial is one of the important official documents, also known as passbook, post or fold. First used in Kangxi period, it was widely used after Yongzheng, and a fixed system was formed in Qianlong period. It lasted for more than 200 years until the Qing Dynasty was abolished.
The name of the memorial was first seen in the 13th year of Shunzhi (1656). Because it is an isolated evidence, the real thing has not been found so far, and historians have doubts about it. More precisely, it started from the Kangxi dynasty. Because Emperor Kangxi often asked his trusted officials and some princes to read stories in secret, so as to supervise each other and listen to people's feelings, there were secret documents. Secret imperial edict is a kind of memorial, so most historians believe that the memorial system originated from Kangxi dynasty. At present, the earliest memorial in the world is "Thanks for Peace" written by Isana, a great scholar, on February 27th, the 28th year of Kangxi (1689). Forty years after Kangxi, memorials were widely used. About fifty years ago, the throne could be used by princes and ministers inside, as well as by governors and towns outside. After Yong Zhengdi acceded to the throne, he further expanded the scope of use of the memorial, stipulating that all officials at home and abroad can play the newspaper with secret folding first, and then formally call for instructions to follow with the inscription. Therefore, the memorial is widely used as a confidential document and becomes a customized document. In the 13th year of Qianlong reign (1784), the Qing court ordered to stop using regular script, so as to pay equal attention to playing sparse and title. But in fact, many secret tasks are first achieved through commemoration, and the problem has become a routine. Thus, in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), the inscription book was finally cancelled and dedicated to the commemoration.
For example: Liu Xiu
God in heaven, God on earth, caring for life, belongs to Yuan Xiuli. Being a parent is not worth showing off. After a hundred years of struggle, Xian said: "Wang Mang usurped the throne, mobilized his troops in anger, defeated Wang Xun and Wang Yi in Kunyang, and put Wang Lang and Tongma in Hebei, pacifying the world and gaining favor at home." When you are in the heart of heaven and earth, you will be returned by Yuanyuan. The prophecy said: "Liu Xiu sent his troops to capture Tao, and Jin became the son of heaven." Xiu still insists, as for again, as for three. The monk said, "God's life is too great to be missed." Dare to be disrespectful.
Cao pi
Emperor Pi, dare to tell the queen that there were four in the twenty years of Han Dynasty and four in the year of training. There was no stand, and the five latitudes were wrong. Lingji saw each other. The ancient road thought that salty days counted and the luck of the world was exhausted. All good people and immortals are better than Zhao, and the Wei family has been ordered. The Lord of the Han Dynasty granted me an artifact, which was so dangerous that it was located in Pi. Pi is really afraid of destiny, although he doesn't rest. People who entrust six things, including soldiers, to the public are dedicated to barbarian monarchs. He said, "Destiny can't be abolished, artifacts can't be abandoned for a long time, officials can't have no owners, and everything can't be unified." "Pi only bear the emperor, dare not Qin Cheng. Bu Zhi's guarding the tortoise bodes well for the big horizontal, three easy features and the sign of leather change. I would like to choose Yuanri to go to the altar with Liao Li and listen to the emperor. Only you have Zen, you still enjoy eternal aid, and you have the hope of the people. You only have Wei.
Liu Bei
In the sixth year of Jian 'an, in the afternoon of summer and April, the emperor was prepared and dared to use Xuanmu to tell the god of heaven and earth that Han had the world and no boundaries. The thief Wang Mang usurped the thief, and Guangwudi was angry and punished, and the country recovered. Today, Cao Cao can't resist blocking soldiers, but Zi Pi is fierce and stealing artifacts. Ministers and soldiers believe that the country has been destroyed and should be repaired. They inherited Wu's second ancestor, and Gong Xing was punished by heaven. If you are ready for virtue, you are afraid of the throne. You should consult ordinary people and barbarians. You can't ignore your destiny, you can't replace your ancestors for a long time, you can't have no owner in the world, you can't look ahead and prepare a person. Afraid of the power of heaven, afraid that Han Bang will be submerged in the ground. I would like to choose Yuanri and Liao Bai to go to the altar together and be sealed by the emperor. Repair burns, Su Dashen. Only the great god is satisfied! Only in the Han family, always in the four seas.
Sun quan
Sun Quan, the emperor's minister, dared to tell the emperor's queen with Xuan Mu that the Han Dynasty had four generations, four generations and four generations, in the past 430 years. At the end of his life, Lu Qian was exhausted, and the whole world was completely abandoned. The evil minister Cao Pi seized the artifact. Pi Zirui continued to be the master, stealing names and creating chaos. Quan was born in the southeast, and he was lucky in the future. He devoted himself to saving the world, and was punished for saying goodbye to the people. The deacon of the minister of counties and cities thought that God had gone to the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty finally went to heaven. The emperor is empty, and the suburbs have no owner. Therefore, he had to accept it. Power is afraid of destiny and dares to be disrespectful. I would like to go to the altar to burn firewood on the first day of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, the throne. Only you have God! About Wu, celestial pole.
Sima Yan
Emperor, dare to use Xuanmu, openly told the emperor and queen: Ji Jie, Shao's life, with strict life: "Before Zen in Shun, Shun Zen in, Mai De hanging training, for many years." When Han De declined, Emperor Wu helped the people to revolt, Liu Yi, and Han used Zen. Guangdong, when it came to Wei, was still in the world for many reasons and declined several times. It really depends on the virtue of Jin's rectification, using it to save, using it to worship, and using it to help. This is made by Jin in Wei. The birth of Sifang was not smooth, and the country was founded. The ceremony was announced and the punishment was announced. Liang and Min are distinct, and Xia Xing people praise Yue. Eight people are on the same track, far and near Chiyi, auspicious, and the harmony between man and nature is not satisfied. 4. After giving Charter III, focus your life on it. "Inflammation but virtue is not heir, roll with the punches. So, a group of officials and officials, a hundred generals and ministers, Li Xian accompanied officials, and finally became a hundred princes. He said: "it is a matter of life for the emperor to learn from the people, but it is not impossible to make the income unfavorable." "The order of heaven cannot be unorganized, and people and gods cannot be broad-minded. They are devout in the luck of the emperor, fear the power of heaven, dare to defy life, respect Jane Yuanchen, meditate at the altar, tell God, answer the people's popularity forever, and protect the country and the world. Mingde Wei is a fan.
Emperor Wu of song
Jade Emperor, the minister, dared to tell the Empress with Xuan Mu that the Jin Emperor was the last fortune teller, and the story was told several times, and the person who respected the scenery died of jade. Fu Shu jun si min, the world is public, Germany is rushing to the emperor, and happiness is pushing together. The more we look at Tang Yue, the more he fell to the Han and Wei Dynasties, but he couldn't beat Zhege Wenzu and Yuanxun to ascend to the throne, so he could save Qian and Li greatly and train endlessly. Jindong has been moving for a long time, and it is a four-dimensional tree. Longan thorn is difficult to succeed, and the disaster becomes Yuan Xing, and the emperor dies by transplanting it. Although Yu is not in Qi Jin, he has no travel. Public anger is hard to raise, and cross-flow is hard to mourn. If you throw a crowd, the emperor will recover. Danger can stand up, chaos can help, rape can collapse, and arrogance can die. Whether it is Thai or not, it will be abolished for a period of time. As for bringing order out of chaos and helping the poor, we have made great efforts to build a new office. By luck, we had to pay for the body. Try to be different, retranslate money, exactly what the new moon said, and teach it with salt and sound. It is the three spirits hanging down, the mountains and rivers telling good luck, the harmony between man and god, and the years are here. So with a group of officials and hundreds of millions of foreigners, they said that the emperor was spiritual. In view of the sincerity of the Jin Dynasty, the destiny can not be submerged for a long time, but can not be abandoned temporarily. Then forced group discussion, childe gifts. The accusation is based on several virtues, relying on Zhao Min. Although I am afraid of Tianwei, it is only a short period. I am deeply concerned, but I am just afraid. To the simple festival, go to the altar to meditate, tell God, and reward the good hope of all countries. There is always a song for cloning natural forest protection. Only the bright spirit is delicious.
"Wu Han Di Ji" records the imperial edict and says:
In the spring of March, Jia Zi established Queen Wei's family. Zhao said, "I heard that heaven and earth remain the same, and nothing can be done;" Yin and yang remain the same, and things are not prosperous. " "Yi" said: "Let it change and make people tireless." The poem says, "nine changes are repeated, and knowing what you say is a choice." I am grateful to the Tang Dynasty. I am eager to enjoy the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. I can learn from the old ones. (Feifei Note: The words in brackets and square brackets were omitted from the original text, and later commentators supplemented them with the original text. ) It forgives the world, starting with the people. All the loan and resignation lawsuits should be decided after Xiao Jing's three years. "
According to the format of the imperial edict of Han bamboo slips frequently unearthed in northwest China, the complete format of this imperial edict seems to be:
Write a letter:
I smell that heaven and earth remain unchanged and are not practical; Yin and yang remain the same, but things don't last. "Yi" said, "Let it change and make people tireless". "Poetry" says, "Nine changes are repeated, knowing what you say is a choice". I am grateful to the Tang Dynasty. I am eager to enjoy the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. I can learn from the old ones. (Mrs. Wei looks like Dejia and gave birth to a prince. Mrs. Wei, with a secretary, should serve the ancestral temple and be the mother of the world. Make it possible. ) It forgives the world, starting with the people. All the loan and resignation lawsuits should be decided after Xiao Jing's three years.
Note: This imperial edict is roughly based on the format of Imperial edict of Han Dynasty extracted from Han bamboo slips unearthed in northwest China, taking the original imperial edict of Hitachi, Jiazi of the first year of Yuan Shuo, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and slightly supplementing the missing word of Li Jue, that is, the words "Mrs. Wei looks virtuous and gives birth to a prince" in brackets. Mrs. Wei, with a secretary, should serve the ancestral temple and be the mother of the world. Make it possible. "Yun Yun. The source of its complement is as follows:
1, Appearance and Virtue: Smooth appearance and beautiful virtue. According to Sima Qian's Seventy Prefaces to Historical Records of Taishigong: "Empress Chen is too proud to respect her son. Gavdros, the family of the 19 th spouse. "
2. Born according to the prince: According to "Han Jing Di Ji": "(Four years) In summer and April, the prince was honored as the crown prince and the king of Jiaodong." It is called "male evidence" as "prince evidence".
3. Yifeng Ancestral Temple, Mother of the World: According to "The Tenth Empress of Emperor Guangwu of the Last Han Dynasty (I)", after Emperor Guangwu's imperial edict, Yin: "... Yin nobles are all beautiful in the village and belong to the humble. I haven't seen myself for three years. It is right to serve the ancestral temple and be the mother of the world. It was an honor for the master to elaborate on the old classics. The abnormal thing is not a national rest, not a birthday celebration. "
4. The system can be as follows: the ministers of the Han Dynasty used a foot book (a foot-long bamboo slip), the ministers copied it with a foot and two books, and the words of the next two books were handed over to the holy judge. The emperor agreed to say "yes" or "yes" in the top column, and left it in the middle if he didn't agree. It is a common language recognized by the royal family in Han Dynasty.
1In August, 977, Wang, a worker of the Iron and Steel Research Institute of jiuquan iron and steel Company, excavated a batch of wooden slips, silk and linen products, iron pieces, woodwork, traditional Chinese medicine, salt, etc. at a site near Huahai Commune in Yumen, Gansu Province, which were cleaned up and excavated by professional archaeologists sent by Jiayuguan Cultural Relics Protection Research Institute. It is believed that all the bamboo slips found are the documents and files of a captain in the northern part of Jiuquan County in the Han Dynasty. 9 wooden slips with words1piece, plain slips without words 12 pieces were collected on site, and a seven-sided prismatic box was also collected. A copy of the imperial edict written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was found on his chest.
The so-called "Zhang" is a multi-faceted bamboo slip. In order to accommodate more writing, a wooden stick was cut into a polygonal prism. Common cross sections have three sides, four sides and five sides, which are generally used to write unimportant characters. The seven-sided prismatic waistband made of willow branches found in Yumen is about 37 cm long, and each side is painted with Han Li in ink, with a total of 2 12 characters. The text is divided into two parts, the second half is 79-word letters, and the content has nothing to do with the first half; The first half * * * is 133, which is a record of the imperial edict. The imperial edict is not an original, but was copied by a subordinate official with a surname in the north. Therefore, due to its sloppy cultural level and writing style, there are many typos and interchangeable words in the manuscript (the original words that should be used in the following quotations are marked in brackets), and the content is not completely copied, but there are leaked fragments. I don't know if it's because I need to make room for the second half of the letter or other reasons.
The original imperial edict is as follows:
Imperial edict: Your Majesty, I feel uneasy. Now I will definitely die! The contract with the land, the public (eventually) no longer. I would like to regard the emperor (heaven) as my heir, and to be kind to the people and reasonable; If you keep the sages close to the sages, you will gather scholars; Teach first, then be the son of heaven. Beard (Hai) lost his name and discipline. Looking at my words, many people (eventually) will not be lost for a long time. I can't see the sky for a long time, and I can't see the land for a long time. This is the only way! Tell future generations and their descendants (children and grandchildren) that they dare not see their hometown, dare not bear the weight of heaven and earth, dare not die, dare not go to the cottage, and dare not go to Dunlu. When people are dead, they dare not kill them. ...
The main idea of this imperial edict is: Crown Prince, my body opposes peace and says goodbye to you forever! I will be one with the earth, and I will never get up again. I hope that you will carefully hold the throne given to you by God in the future, be more kind to the people than I was when I was in office, be reasonable, be moderate, get close to the wise, gather talents, set an example for the world, respectfully worship the spirits of ancestors in heaven, and through your unremitting efforts, achieve the qualities and talents that the son of heaven should have. Hu Hai died in heaven and earth, not only himself, but also his ancestors. I hope you can understand my warning carefully and never forget it. Heaven can't look up forever, and I can't step on my feet forever, so my road will die forever! You should warn future generations that if you are careless ("carelessness": carelessness), extravagant and wasteful, and excessive reward ("tin": reward. Indiscriminate rewards are not frugal and extravagant), but they are afraid of being driven back to their hometown (which means losing their country). Live up to the blessings of heaven and earth. I think it's the same when I'm away. It's like going to a cabin and visiting Yan Li Lane (usually, nothing unusual). Everyone is going to die, so don't make excuses (that is, don't say "death" like Qin Shihuang) ...
Among the wooden slips unearthed at the same address as this imperial edict, there is a wooden slip with the words "Enjoy the word in October of the first year of Yuanping □ Real death", in which the word "Zi" is missing. "Yuanping" is the title of Emperor Hanzhao. The first year of Yuanping was 74 BC, only 13 years before the death of Emperor Wu in the second year. In April of that year, Emperor Zhao died. Since Emperor Zhao had no children before his death, this testamentary edict to the Crown Prince could not have come from Emperor Zhao, and most scholars believe that it should be one of the testamentary edicts written by Emperor Wu in the second year after Yuan Dynasty. Moreover, this imperial edict is desolate and full of open-mindedness and tolerance for the period of life and death, which is similar to the artistic conception of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's autumn wind poems, so this imperial edict is probably written by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.