(1) text
1. Preposition: in, in, under, behind, near, in, of
1).in means "in" and "in". For example:
In our class is in our class.
In my bag.
In the desk, in the desk.
In the classroom.
2). Open means "open". For example:
On the wall, on the wall
On the table.
On the blackboard, on the blackboard.
3).under means "under". For example:
Under the tree, under the tree.
Under the chair.
Under the bed.
The back means "back". For example:
Behind the door is behind the door
Behind the tree, behind the tree.
Near means "near". For example:
The desk near the teacher is next to the lecture desk.
Near the bed, near the bed.
6).at means "in ...". For example:
At school is at school.
At home at home
At the door, at the door
7).of means "de". For example:
A photo of our classroom, a photo of our classroom.
A map of China and a map of China.
2. Article 1:
The article usually precedes the defined noun and is used to indicate the person or thing the noun refers to. Articles can be divided into indefinite articles and definite articles. There are two forms of indefinite articles, namely a and an. A is used before words that start with consonant phonemes, such as a book; An is used before letters that start with vowels, such as apple.
A or an is used with a countable noun singular and generally refers to one of a certain class of people or things.
This is a cat.
This is a cat.
This is an English book.
This is an English book.
His father is a worker.
His father is a worker.
The can be used before countable nouns and uncountable nouns to indicate one or more specific people or things, and also refers to the above-mentioned people or things.
Who is the boy in the hat?
Who is the boy in the hat?
What can you see in the classroom?
-I saw a bag.
-Where's the bag?
-On the table.
What can you see in the classroom?
-I can see a schoolbag.
-Where's the schoolbag?
-On the table.
3. Some and any
(1) Use some in affirmative sentences. For example:
There are some books on the desk. There are some books on the desk.
Lucy has some good books. Lucy has some good books.
② Use any in interrogative sentences and negative sentences. For example:
Is there any ink in your pen? Is there any ink in your pen?
Do you have any brothers or sisters? You have brother and sister.
There is no water in the cup.
(2) Remember their special usage.
(1) Some of them can also be used in interrogative sentences that express the hope that the other party will give a positive reply or suggest or euphemistically request, and we will learn them soon. For example:
Do you want to eat some apples? Do you want to eat apples?
Any can also be used in affirmative sentences, meaning "any". For example:
Any one of us can do this. Any one of us can do this.
Some and any use is a frequent test site. I hope everyone can master the usage accurately.
4. Family
Family, as a whole, means "home", and the predicate verb be behind it is singular; If family is regarded as a family member, it should be understood as plural, and the predicate verb be should be used as are.
My family is a big family. My family is a big family.
My family are all at home now. My family are all at home now.
Family emphasizes a group composed of family members or members of this group. Home refers to the environment and place where an individual was born and raised. House refers to "home" and "house", focusing on the residential building itself.
His family are all workers. His family are all workers.
My home is in Beijing. My home is in Beijing.
He is not at home now. He is not at home now.
This is a picture of my family. This is a picture of my family.
5. usage of 5.little
A puppy, a little boy. Little is often used to modify living nouns.
But "little" can also be negative, using uncountable nouns to mean "small".
Time is running out. There is almost no time.
There is little water in the cup. There is little water in the cup.
(2) phrase
On the table.
Behind the chair, behind the chair.
Under the chair. Under the chair.
It's in her pencil box.
Close to the door is close to the door.
A picture of the classroom.
Look at the picture. Look at this picture.
The teacher's desk
A map of China and a map of China.
family tree
Please sit down, please sit down.
This way, this way
Two. daily expression
1. Come and meet my family.
2. Go and have a look. I think it's Li Lei.
3. Nice to meet you.
4. What can you see in this picture?
I can see a clock/some books.
5. Can you see an orange?
Yes, I can. No, I can't.
6. Where is Shenzhen?
It's near Hong Kong.
Let me see. let me think.
See here means "understand" and can't be translated as "see". For example:
8. Please sit down.
Seat stands for "seat", which is a noun. Have a seat means "sit down", or take a seat, which means the same as sitting down.
Three. grammar
1. Noun possessive case
If a noun wants to express all the relations with the nouns that follow, it usually uses the possessive form of the noun, which means "…". There are usually the following forms:
(1). Generally speaking, add "s" at the end of a word. For example:
Kate's father Kate's father
My mother's friend, my mother's friend.
(2) If the plural noun ends in S, just add "'". For example:
Teachers' Day
Boy's Game Boy's Game
(3) If plural nouns don't end with s, you should add "'s'". For example:
International Children's Day
Women's day
(4). It means two or more * * * Sometimes, all cases should be added to the following nouns. For example:
Lucy and Lily's Room Lucy and Lily's Room
Kate and Jim's father Kate and Jim's father
The possessive case of general animal and inanimate nouns does not add "'s" at the end, but is often expressed by the preposition of.
A map of China and a map of China.
Her cat's name, her cat's name
A photo of my family.
The bedroom door
2. Imperative sentences
Imperative sentences are mainly used to express the speaker's intentions, such as requests, orders, suggestions and exhortations. Imperative sentences generally have no subject and read in a falling tone. In order to make the tone euphemistic and polite, please is often added at the beginning or end of a sentence. At the end of a sentence, please is often preceded by a comma.
(1). Predicate verbs in imperative sentences and affirmative sentences all use verb prototypes.
Go and have a look. Go and have a look.
Please come in. Please come in.
(2) The negative form of imperative sentences often uses don't at the beginning of the sentence.
Don't read your book. Don't read.
Don't play on the road. Don't play on the road.
3. Sentence structure with be
Be has a sentence pattern of "you", which means "you".
The form of affirmative sentence is: There be+ noun (singular or plural)+adverbial of place or time.
To determine the singular and plural of the be verb, look at the first noun after be. When the connected subject is a singular or uncountable noun, the verb form of be is; When the subject of the connection is a plural noun, the be verb is are；; When there are more than two subjects after the be verb, the be verb and the nearest subject keep the same number. It means "there is someone or something somewhere". For example:
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. There is an eraser and two pens on the desk.
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. There are two pens and an eraser on the desk.
The negative sentence of (1)there be is to add not after be.
The negative form is: yes+no+(any)+noun+locative adverbial.
There are no cats in the room. There are no cats in the room.
There are no books on the desk.
The interrogative sentence of there be sentence pattern refers to be:there+(any)+ noun+locative adverbial at the beginning of the sentence? Yes, there is. No, no/no.
Is there a dog in the photo? Is there a dog in the picture?
Yes, there is. Yes
-Is there a boat in the river? Are there any boats in the river?
-No, I didn't.
(3) Special question: How many ... are there (+adverbial of place)? "How many people or things are there in a certain place?" Answer with yes. ...
There is one. /There are two/three/some. . .
Sometimes you just answer with numbers. One. /two. . .
How many students are there in the classroom? How many students are there in the classroom?
-Just one. /There are nine. Only one. /There are nine.
(4) If nouns are uncountable, use: how many+uncountable nouns +there+ adverbial of place?
How much water is there in the cup? How much water is there in the cup?
How much food is there in the bowl? How much food is there in the bowl?
Review materials of senior one biology at the end of the term (finishing by Gene Warrior)
Unit 1 Biology and Biosphere
Chapter 1 Understanding Biology
The first section biological characteristics
First, the biological characteristics:
1. Biology needs nutrition. 2. Living things can breathe. 3. Waste can be excreted.
4, stress 5, composed of cells (except viruses) 6, growth and development 7, reproduction 8, genetic variation
Second, the observation method of P2
The second part investigates the creatures around us
First, the general method of investigation.
Steps: Make clear the purpose of the investigation, determine the object of investigation, make a reasonable investigation plan, record the investigation, sort out the investigation results and write an investigation report.
Second, the classification of organisms.
According to morphological structure: animals, plants and other organisms.
According to the living environment: terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms.
By use: crops, poultry, livestock and pets.
Chapter II The biosphere is the home of all living things.
Section 1 Biosphere
1. Biosphere range: bottom atmosphere: birds, insects, bacteria, etc.
The whole hydrosphere: the water layer within 0/50m from the sea level/kloc-.
The surface of the lithosphere is the "foothold" of all terrestrial creatures.
Second, the biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.
In the second quarter, the influence of environment on living things
1. Effects of abiotic factors on living things: light, moisture, temperature, etc.
Second, the experiment of the influence of light on the life of mice and girls (understanding and mastering the topic of the senior high school entrance examination paper)
Third, the process of inquiry: 1, finding problems, asking questions 2, making assumptions 3, making plans 4, implementing plans 5, drawing conclusions 6, expressing and communicating.
Four. Control experiment P 15
Five, the influence of biological factors on biology:
According to the relationship between the same species or different species, biological factors can be divided into two types: 1, and the intra-species relationship: intra-species mutual assistance (ants moving food) and intra-species struggle (two leopards competing for antelope and habitat).
2. Interspecific relationships: parasitism (ascaris lumbricoides), competition (lions and leopards compete for food) and mutual assistance (rhinoceros and hornbill).
The third quarter biological adaptation and influence to the environment
I. Examples of biological adaptation to the environment P 19
Second, the biological impact on the environment: plant transpiration can adjust the air humidity, plant dead leaves and dead branches can adjust the soil fertility, animal manure can improve the soil, and earthworms can loosen the soil.
Section 4 Ecosystem
I. Composition of the ecosystem:
1. Biological parts: producers, consumers and decomposers.
2. Abiotic parts: sunlight, water, air and temperature.
Second, the food chain and food web:
1. The food chain starts from the producer.
2. Material-energy flows along the food chain-food web.
3. The higher the trophic level, the less the biomass; The higher the trophic level, the more toxic substances are accumulated, such as aquatic diseases in Japan.
Third, the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment.
Generally speaking, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable. However, this automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, beyond which it will be destroyed.
Section 5 The biosphere is the largest ecosystem
I. Types of ecosystems
Forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.
Second, the biosphere is a unified whole p30
Pay attention to the examples of DDT (usually practice paper topics)
Unit 2 Organisms and Cells
The first chapter is to observe the cell structure.
Section 1 Practice using a microscope
I. 1. Structure of microscope
Mirror seat: stabilize the mirror body;
Mirror column: supporting the part above the mirror column;
Mirror arm: the part holding the mirror;
Stage: a place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light hole in the center and two flat clips on both sides for fixing the observed object.
Shutter: There are round holes of different sizes on it, called aperture. Each hole can be aligned with the light-transmitting hole. Lights are used to adjust the intensity of light:
Mirror: it can be rotated to make the light reflect upward through the light hole. The two sides are different:
Lens barrel: an eyepiece is installed at the upper end, a converter is installed at the lower end, an objective lens is installed on the converter, and a focusing screw is installed at the rear.
Focus screw: coarse focus screw (also known as coarse adjustment): the lens barrel rises and falls greatly when it rotates; Fine-tuning focal screw (also called fine-tuning).
The relationship between rotation direction and lifting direction: rotate the focusing screw clockwise, and the lens barrel will descend; On the contrary, it will rise.
III. Mastering the use of P37-38 diagram of microscope.
1. The observed object image is opposite to the actual image.
2. Magnification = objective multiple x eyepiece multiple
3. The biological specimen observed under the microscope should be thin and transparent, and the light can pass through, so that it can be observed clearly. Therefore, it must be processed into slide specimens.
Section 2 Observation of Plant Cells
First, the difference between slicing, smearing and assembling P42
Two. Experimental process P43-44
Third, the basic structure of plant cells.
1, cell wall: support, protection
2. Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
4. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.
5. Chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis.
6. Vacuole: Cell fluid
7. Mitochondria: the place to breathe.
Section III Observation of Animal Cells
First, the oral epithelial cell experiment P47 was observed.
Second, the structure of animal cells.
1. Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
2. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.
3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
Chapter II Cell Life
Section 1 Cell life needs matter and energy
1. Matter consists of molecules that are constantly moving. Take the experiment of sugar melting as an example to illustrate.
Molecules are not the smallest particles that make up matter. Molecules are made up of atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter, while cells are the structural and functional units of organisms.
Second, the substance in the cell.
Organic matter (usually containing carbon and combustible materials): sugars, lipids, protein and nucleic acids, which are macromolecules.
Inorganic substances (generally carbon-free): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc. These are small molecules.
Third, the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, and it is selective for substances, and useful substances enter and waste is discharged.
Four, the energy converter in the cell:
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis is a process in which carbon dioxide and water synthesize sugar and produce oxygen.
Mitochondria: It performs respiration and is the "power factory" and "engine" in cells.
Section 2 The nucleus is the genetic information base
First, genetic information exists in the nucleus.
Dolly's example p55
Second, the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus-DNA.
1, DNA structure is like a spiral staircase.
2. Genes are DNA fragments with specific genetic information.
Third, DNA and protein constitute chromosomes.
1, different biological individuals have completely different chromosome morphology and number.
2, individuals of the same species, chromosomes in the form and quantity to maintain a certain.
3. Chromosomes are easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes.
The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise there will be serious genetic diseases.
Fourth, the control center of cells is the nucleus.
The third part of cell division produces new cells.
First, the growth of organisms from childhood is due to: cell growth and cell division.
Second, cell division.
1, chromosome replication
2. The nucleus is divided into two equal nuclei.
3. The cytoplasm is divided into two parts.
4. Plant cells: form new cell membranes and cell walls in primitive cells.
Animal cells: The cell membrane gradually invades to form two new cells.
Content after the mid-term exam (focus on review)
Chapter III How Cells Form Organisms
The first section animal body structure level
I concepts of cell division and cell differentiation
Third, all kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation can only function when they are gathered together. These cell groups composed of cells with similar morphological structure and the same function are called tissues.
Four, several kinds of tissues are arranged together in a certain order, which are interrelated to form a structure with a certain shape and multiple functions to meet the needs of a certain aspect of life activities in plants. Such a structure is called an organ.
The basic tissues of animals and humans can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
Six or four tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is dominant to form organs.
Seven, animals or human body can * * * complete one or more physiological functions of multiple organs, according to a certain order to form a system.
Eight, the basic structural levels of animals and people: cells → tissues → organs → systems → animal bodies and human bodies.
Nine. P65 Question 3
X. Eight system names
Section II Structural Levels of Plants
First, the six organs of colorful flowering plants
1. Nourishing organs: roots, stems and leaves. 2. Reproductive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds.
Second, the organization of plants.
Meristem organization, conservation organization, nutrition organization, transportation organization, etc.
In the third quarter, there is only one cell.
Single-celled organisms: yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, amoeba.
Second, paramecium
Structure: Cilia, epidermis, collecting duct, contractile vesicle, anal canal, sulcus, food vacuole, cytoplasm and nucleus (macronucleus, micronucleus).
Function: Take notes
Third, the relationship between single-celled organisms and humans.
1, advantages: Remarks
2. Harmful aspects: attention
Unit 3 Green Plants in the Biosphere
Section 1 Algae, Bryophytes and Ferns
First, the aerial part of ferns is not the stem, but its compound leaves; Underground parts are underground stems and roots.
Secondly, ferns have differentiation of organs such as roots, stems and leaves, as well as transport tissues and mechanical tissues, so the plants are relatively tall.
3. Spore is a kind of germ cell. Sporangium can be seen not at any time, but in summer, when spore germinates, it can form prothallus.
4. The economic significance of pteridophytes lies in: ① Some of them are edible; ② Some drugs are available; ③ Some are for viewing; ④ Some of them can be used as excellent green manure and feed; ⑤ The remains of ancient pteridophytes turned into coal after a long time.
5. There are two kinds of bryophytes: one has stem and leaf differentiation, but the stem is very small and the leaves are small and thin, such as Cucurbita moschata and Phragmites australis; The other has no differentiation of stems and leaves, and the plant body is just a flat leaflike body, such as liverworts.
Six, the roots of bryophytes are false roots, which can't absorb water and inorganic salts, while the stems and leaves of bryophytes have no transport tissues and can't transport water. So bryophytes can't live without boiling water.
Seven, bryophytes grow densely, and the gaps between plants can store water. Therefore, bryophyte patches play a certain role in soil and water conservation of woodland and Shan Ye.
Eight, bryophytes are very sensitive to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, and it is difficult to survive near heavily polluted cities and factories. Using this characteristic, people use bryophytes as indicator plants to monitor the degree of air pollution.
Nine, the main characteristics of algae plants: simple structure, single-celled or multicellular individuals, no differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs; There are chloroplasts in the cells, which can be used for photosynthesis; Most of them live in water.
10. Organic matter produced by algae plants through photosynthesis can be used as bait for fish, and the released oxygen is not only for fish to breathe, but also an important source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
The economic significance of algae: ① kelp, laver and sea cabbage are edible; ② Iodine, fucoidan and agar extracted from algae can be used in industry and medicine.
Chapter IV Organism without Cell Structure-Virus
I. Types of viruses
Depending on the host: animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage)
Second, the structure of the virus
The genetic material in the shell and inside of protein.
Third, the relationship between virus and human beings.
Section 2 Seed Plants
First, the structure of seeds
Broad bean seeds: seed coat, embryo (embryo, hypocotyl, radicle) and cotyledon (2 pieces).
Corn seeds: pericarp and seed coat, embryo, cotyledon (1 piece) and endosperm.
Second, seed plants are more adaptable to land life than mosses and ferns. One of the important reasons is that they can produce seeds.
Three, gymnosperms and angiosperms
Remember common gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Fourth, the role of peel (see note)
Chapter II Life of Angiosperms
Section 1 Seed Germination
First, the conditions required for seed germination
Environmental conditions: suitable temperature, certain humidity and sufficient air.
Self-condition: the seeds are full, the embryos are complete and energetic, and the dormancy period has passed.
2. Determination and sampling inspection of seed germination rate
Third, the process of seed germination.
Absorb water and transport nutrients-radicle develops into root-hypocotyl develops into stem and leaf.
Section 2 Plant Growth
First, the structure of the root tip and the function of each part
Second, the growth of young roots
1, the fastest growing part is: elongation zone.
2. The growth of roots depends on the increase of the number of meristem cells on the one hand, and the increase of the cell volume in the elongation zone on the other.
Third, the structure of the bud
1, bud axis-develop into stem
2, bud primordium-develop into lateral buds
3. Growing point-make the bud axis elongate continuously, and produce new bud primordium and Yuan Yeji.
4, Yuan Ye base-develop into young leaves]
4. Nutrients needed for plant growth
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Section 3 Flowering and Fruiting
1. Flowers develop from buds.
Second, the structure of flowers.
Petals, receptacle, calyx, stamens (anthers, filaments), pistils (ovary, style, stigma)
Third, pollination and fertilization.
See note.
Fourth, the formation of fruits and seeds.
Ovary-fruit fertilized egg-embryo fertilization polar nucleus-endosperm
Ovule-seed integument-seed coat
V. Artificial pollination
When pollination is insufficient, artificial pollination can be assisted.
Chapter III Green Plants and Biosphere Cycle
Section 1 The life of green plants needs water
First, the role of water in plants.
1, water is a component of cells.
2. Water can keep the natural posture of plants.
3. Water is the solvent for plants to absorb and transport substances.
4. Water participates in the metabolic activities of plants.
Second, water affects the distribution of plants.
Thirdly, the water requirements of plants are different in different periods (P 109).
The second way to save water into plants
First, the main part of root water absorption is the mature area of root tip, where there are a lot of root hairs.
Second, the structure of the root.
From outside to inside: bark: phloem (with sieve tube), cambium; Xylem (with vessel)
Third, the mode of waterway transportation.
Conduit: upward conveying water and inorganic salts.
Screen tube: conveying the organic matter produced by photosynthesis of leaves downward.
In the third section, green plants participate in the water cycle of biosphere.
First of all, the structure of the blade
Upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll (palisade tissue, sponge tissue), veins and stomata.
Second, the structure of stomata protects cells from water absorption and expansion, and the stomata are opened; The guard cells lose water and contract, and the stomata close.
Stomata are open during the day and closed at night.
Third, the significance of transpiration:
1, which can reduce the temperature of plants and prevent them from being burned.
2. It is the main driving force for root system to absorb water and promote water transport in the body.
3. It can promote the transport of water-soluble inorganic salts in the body.
4. It can increase atmospheric humidity, reduce ambient temperature and increase precipitation.
Chapter IV Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.
Section 1 Green plants make organic matter through photosynthesis
First, the experiment of geranium
1, dark treatment: put geraniums in the dark for one night.
2. Control experiment: Cover the upper and lower surfaces of half a leaf with black paper.
3. Decolorization: After several hours, put the leaves in water and heat them in isolation.
4. Dyeing: Dyeing with iodine solution
5. Conclusion: Starch turns blue when exposed to iodine, and organic matter can be produced by photosynthesis of visible parts.
Second, photosynthesis.
1, producing organic matter such as starch.
2. Convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic matter.
Section 2 Utilization of Organic Matter by Green Plants
I. Utilization of Organic Matter by Green Plants
1, used to build objects.
2. Provide energy for the life activities of plants
Second, the respiratory function
1, in mitochondria.
2. Organic matter is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, and the stored energy is also released for life activities.
Chapter V Carbon and Oxygen Balance between Green Plants and Biosphere
First, photosynthesis produces oxygen.
light
Inorganic matter+water-organic matter+oxygen
Chloroplast (storing energy)
Second, photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide as raw material.
Through photosynthesis, green plants constantly consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, produce oxygen, and maintain the balance of carbon and oxygen in the biosphere.
Third, pay attention to reasonable and close planting when planting crops.
Chapter VI Caring for Vegetation and Greening the Motherland
I. Main Vegetation Types in China
Grassland, desert, tropical rain forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest
Second, the main problems facing vegetation in China
1, low vegetation coverage.
2. Forest resources and grassland resources have been seriously damaged.
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