With the beginning of babbling, our expressions have increased, and crying and the "mom and dad" we just learned have also become ways to communicate with others. I don't know what "mom and dad" means. When we are excited and ask for help, we always call "Dad" and "Mom", hoping others will notice us. When we feel that no one is paying attention to us, we will attract us by crying.
When we grow up, the way of thinking expression begins to be diversified and precise; Thinking is also constantly changing. Of course, our way of thinking does not grow with our growth, but with the broadening of our horizons. Look at the interface has a certain relevance!
In the book Speculation and Standpoint, it is concluded that there are seven elements in the growth and progress of our thinking. Let's sum up the seven laws for the time being.
1, Cognitive Humility: Being aware of your ignorance.
Many of us, thinking like frogs sitting in a well watching the sky, keep our vision between inches of wells. Don't laugh at the frog, because he is trapped in the well and can't get out, so all his knowledge can only stay at the bottom of the well. It has no way to know what the outside world is like.
Cognitive humility, like a frog in a pond, can clearly know the size of the pond and have the courage to jump out of the pond and into a wider river; Literally speaking, it is to recognize the limitations of one's own knowledge and views, including sensitivity to the surrounding environment and bias towards knowledge.
The opposite of cognitive humility is cognitive conceit, just like a frog in a well, self-centered, feeling that he knows more than he actually knows, thinking never makes mistakes, and what he sees and hears is the truth. ,2
2. Have cognitive courage: be willing to challenge your beliefs.
When we face a thing, we often take ourselves as the starting point to measure the gains and losses, and we don't feel anything wrong. And when we face the fact that we are wrong, we dare not question and choose to follow the crowd. Our psychology is summed up as cognitive cowardice in speculation and position.
The opposite of cognitive cowardice is cognitive courage, that is, being able to face the judged thoughts, beliefs and opinions fairly, and being able to treat the misleading opinions fairly (some things seem absurd and dangerous if they are beyond their own beliefs and cognitive scope, but they are facts at that time).
3. Empathy: Embrace opposing ideas.
This situation is quite common in our work. Some friends or colleagues, or have seen such a sentence on the internet: everyone should learn to think from the other side's position, which is what we call empathy. Only with the ability of empathy can we really understand others.
Empathy is a process in which we can reconstruct others' viewpoints and reasoning accurately, and we can reason, look at problems and understand others' desires on the premise of others' viewpoints rather than our own.
When our thinking is self-centered, we will have an instinctive tendency to understand the world from our own point of view, and thus ignore the views of others.
4. Consensus: I hold the same standards as others.
That is to say, what you say is consistent with what you do. Let's put it this way: don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you. In other words, don't force others to do what they can't do. No matter what you say or do, you have the same requirements for yourself and others, and there is no double standard.
The opposite of human consistency is the hypocrisy of cognition. Let's give some real-life examples. We see that some bosses in the factory deduct employees' wages and let employees work overtime for free, so we think that this boss is black-hearted and inhuman; And when I do, I think it's a matter of course.
5. Cognitive perseverance: digesting complexity and frustration.
In our life or work, there will be setbacks, but we still stick to it; Some problems are too complicated to be solved easily. When we face all these problems without giving up and persisting, we will have cognitive perseverance. People with cognitive perseverance can persist in achieving their goals no matter what difficulties, obstacles or setbacks they encounter.
The opposite of cognitive perseverance is cognitive inertia, which is a natural self-inclination. When pursuing obvious confusion or difficulties, it is easy to feel impatient or give up directly.
6. Trust reasoning: realize good reasoning to prove your value.
This is also easy to understand. Each of us has a dream. When we have a dream, there will be a process of realization. Just like traveling to a place, you must make your own plans in advance, and your dreams are the same. We also have a plan, which can be said to be reasoning.
We will go forward according to the basis and direction of our own reasoning, and finally realize our own value (of course, the premise is that we believe we can achieve it, and we also have a blueprint for it in our minds. When we believe in our plan and realize that our goal plan is the best, you will have the motivation to achieve it. )
The opposite of trust reasoning is suspicious reasoning, which is also an essential tendency of egoism. It is not loyal to evidence and good reasoning, but to its own views and beliefs.
7. Independent thinking: Become an independent thinker.
In other words, when thinking, you will not follow other people's opinions, but have your own independent thinking ability, be able to control your beliefs, values, assumptions and reasoning independently and reasonably, and be willing to confront those who oppose the requirements of evidence and reasonable reasoning.
The opposite of thinking autonomy is conformity, which is an essential social center tendency. We accept the views accepted by society uncritically and regard them as the correct way of thinking and behavior, regardless of whether they are reasonable or not. We think that the box office anxiety and fake news hotspots in our lives are living examples.