Following the party, Fu She came into being, also known as Xiaohe Temple. In fact, Fu is more folk. Emperor Chongzhen was diligent in political affairs and worked hard to restore imperial power. However, the atmosphere developed by forestry has spread all over the country, and civil society is very strong in politics, economy, culture and morality. Take Lenovo as an example. There are countless associations of various colors in various places. During this period, many folk activities were adopted by Catholic activities to cooperate with the recovery of society.
In the second year of Chongzhen, Taicang Zhang Pu combined with Jiangbei Kuangshe, Zhongzhou Duanshe, Songjiang Jishe, Laiyang Yishe, Dong Zhechao, Zhexizhuang, Huangzhou Branch and Jiangnan Yingshe to form a complex society. Unlike Donglin Academy, which started from politics, Fushe was founded to study ancient knowledge and revive culture:
Since the world has gone from bad to worse, scholars have not understood the classics, but those who are lucky still have branches. Everything you can get from it is here. In Tang Ming, you can't be a monarch. In Longxian, you can be a citizen, a talent and not a thief. Pubudu has a high moral character and the ability to do things beyond his power. He also hopes to promote the study of retro with scholars from all over the world, so that people who are different from each other can return to society because of their names.
Catholics also organized themselves and became one of the folk forces in the late Ming Dynasty. At that time, Wang Zheng established the Benevolence Society in Shaanxi, which has been introduced in the previous chapter. In the seventh year of Chongzhen, Wang Zheng established a charity relief group-Benevolence Society in his hometown. During Ren Huinian, Wang Zheng explained the purpose of establishing the committee: the religion of God advocated by Western Confucianism is more rational than practical, and the great purpose is always benevolence. Benevolence has two purposes: one is to love God above all else, and the other is to love others as yourself. People who are afraid of fate naturally love God. Those who truly love God can naturally love others. Benevolence emphasizes the unity of man and nature, which seems to be a Confucian proposition such as the unity of man and nature. In fact, it reflects the changes brought about by Christianity teaching Confucianism. Love for God is undoubtedly a spiritual belief, and lovers often have secular practices. This is a universal proposition in modern western culture, such as spirit and flesh, heaven and reality, religion and society. From this perspective, Ren Hui is a secular interest group, based on the same beliefs. Benevolence takes hunger, clothing, diagnosis, burial, transportation and thirst as its first priority. These social relief services are no different from the traditional charitable churches. The difference is that the charitable churches in China are generally organizations of the same clan and fellow villagers, while the Benevolence Society is a Christian organization with the same faith. Ren Hui is also westernized in the download operation of samuraisacrament. People who join the club will donate 2 1 cent to the charity fund every day. In addition, there are supervisors and assistants responsible for custody, storage, transfer and distribution. It is a relatively westernized social organization that adopts membership system, enjoys rights and obligations, and sets up special finance and supervision.
Charity Association is a national Catholic organization. In Hangzhou, Yang Tingjun organized a charity meeting with a capital of 65,438+0,000 yuan to help Christians live and study. The activities of the charity club include setting up a charity hall for children to go to school. According to the records of the Japanese dynasty, there are also many Christian communities in Fujian, which are commensurate with each other as brothers and sisters. There are Fuzhou Pratt & Whitney, Quanzhou Hui Zhen, Yongchun Main Insurance Association and Fuqing Notre Dame Association. Father giulio aleni's attitude in the United States is to support these societies and guide them to develop in the direction of missionary work. Near Shanghai, Father Pan Guoguang directed three societies: Notre Dame, Society of Gods and Society of Suffering. The virgin will pay tribute to the virgin, and suffering will pay tribute to Jesus. Sunday activities, meditation in the temple, and finally self-flogging,
According to the general theory, Christianity in China lacks cultural foundation and social activities are not active enough. However, the Catholic Association Movement in the late Ming Dynasty showed that Catholics in China had established very active and enterprising civil society organizations. Respect teachers and sharpen each other. There are dozens of people and a few people, which are called literary societies. In other words, this is a way to make friends through writing, and it is also a way to make friends and help others. Scholars will encourage believers to take the imperial examinations. They also discussed making art and promoting industry, engaging in political elections, and making Confucian scholars who entered religion succeed in the examination field.
Catholic associations are different from writers' associations such as Fu She. When society is no longer governed by politics, scholars will devote themselves to religious propaganda. At the beginning of each month, we have time to get together and teach all kinds of knowledge. Choose outstanding people as representatives to preach in the church and help preach. Pastors certainly hope to put non-governmental organizations under their control and serve missionary work. Songjiang literati society is supported by the Xu family. Xu Guangqi's granddaughter, Mrs. Xu Tai, was the initiator of the society and donated books and money, for which Father Bai Yingli and Pan Guoguang were very grateful.
It is difficult for people to know what connection Christian literati associations such as Songjiang have with Fu She and Xie She, which are active in the same area. However, the leaders of Fu She and Xie She really adored their hometown of Xu Guangqi and had in-depth contacts with JOE. I suspect that the names of Jingfeng School in several societies are very similar to the Four Histories Bible: Tang Daoguang and Jingfeng Oriental School. At that time, Songjiang Prefecture was the hometown of Xu Guangqi, and scholars were studying the newly unearthed popular classics. Many leaders of the Society claim to be students of Xu Guangqi, so it is possible to name the Society.
According to Philae's sacrament etiquette, Francis Bi was in Songjiang and Shangshang from 1622 to 1628.
Ocean management, education and management. Once, I baptized a big family of 90 people. There are 25 scholars in this family. Another big family's baptism ceremony, * * * has 89 people. At that time, all the cultural and educational families in Songjiang Prefecture entered the church, which shows that Catholicism is deeply rooted and Christians and scholars are obviously integrated.
With the popularity of Catholicism in Beijing and the south of the Yangtze River, there is bound to be a connection between the complex society centered on the Su and Song Dynasties and the Ji society. He is the leader of the late Renaissance Society. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli, Chen Zilong, his father Chen Wenju was a scholar, his teacher was Han nationality, and the children of Han nationality in Shaanxi were all Catholic families. These two Han families later became family friends, with many poems and essays. Chen Zilong has many Catholic friends.
Have a better relationship with Chen Zilong and his family. First of all, this is because Chen Zilong worships Saint Xu Guangqi as an official and worships him as a disciple. In the third year of Chongzhen, Chen Zilong visited Xu Guangqi in Beijing and became interested in his practical learning. Talking about the impression after the meeting, he said: Brave bandits save bows and open things, which has a long history in the sea. What he has learned all his life, studying nature and people, is practical. He also said: So Xu is in charge of practical research, first of all, to show farmers, criticize the system of ancient and modern fields and canals, make millet suitable for Sang Ma, then benefit from fish and vegetables, and finally cause famine. There are dozens of drafts hidden at home, and they haven't been finished yet. Got it from his grandson. It is the foundation of enriching the country and strengthening the people. Chen Zilong saw 35 manuscripts written by Xu Guangqi in his later years. It was preserved after the death of Sun Erjue. Others compiled it into a direct interpretation of the Bible, which is closely related to Xu. Judging from their friendship with Xu, the two Shanghai families have the same tendency. They also advocate practical learning and trust western learning. Against the Qing soldiers, scholars have integrity.
The hosts Zhang Pu, Wu, Xu Tianlin and Xu Guangqi also have unusual relationships. Chongzhen tried for four years, and Xu Guangqi served as a probation officer. Xu Guangqi appreciates Zhang Pu's strategy very much. After being selected as a scholar, they visited Mr. Xu Guangqi and were moved by simple living's predecessors and their hard work. This study studied the western calendar in Thailand and raised some questions. I saw all the people sitting sweeping the room and writing endlessly. The room is only wide, so I get up and lie down without a bed. Xu Guangqi encouraged Zhang Tao to study for practical purposes. It should be noted that Xu Guangqi asked them to pay attention to practical study, which may be an exhortation to his passion for fame and fortune and his participation in party struggles. That conversation had a great influence on Zhang Pu, who claimed to retreat his arrow and stayed up all night. Later, Fu She did change some practices that emphasized the reputation of articles and ignored learning and practice. The community leaders of a country can respond with one voice and respect the scholars. It can be seen that Xu Guangqi's theory is very attractive among young people in Fuxin. Later, Zhang Pu was still studying in Xu Guangqi. He personally estimated the latitude and read an excellent book until midnight.
It is very obvious that people in Fu society sympathize with western learning and learn practical knowledge. In the past, the social affairs of Fushe were mainly based on the friendship of articles. Faced with the increasingly severe facts in the late Ming Dynasty, this young literati association began to consider practical problems and study knowledge. Among the members, Zhang Qian and other leaders also learned agricultural politics from Xu Guangqi, which made it common for scholars in the south of the Yangtze River to care about the national economy and people's livelihood. In this respect, Jishe is more obvious than Fushe, and Jishe in Songjiang is more economical. After they became famous as scholars, they all turned their focus of study from articles to economics, from talented people who pursued fame and fortune to deep and responsible scholars.
From discussing articles to attaching importance to learning, the members of Fu She Society are different from those who care about western learning. If the Jesuits in the Wanli period and the Apocalypse period of Lindong Party were mainly interested in western natural science in terms of politics, ethics and moral theory, the scholar-officials of Fushe in Chongzhen period began to be interested in western natural science, including astronomy, geography, military affairs, artillery manufacturing, water conservancy, agricultural politics and other theories. They advocated continuing to learn from the sage Du You, the popular China tablet of Zheng Qiao Datang Nestorianism, and the tablet of Maduan Linnestorianism. These theories were called practical learning at that time. In the eleventh year of Chongzhen, Chen Zilong, Xu Fuyuan, Song Zhengbi, Wen Li and other fellow villagers in Songjiang, in accordance with Xu Guangqi's instructions, edited the Biography of Jesuits in China. In the preface, Chen Zilong said: In the 270 years of the Ming Dynasty, there have been three major upheavals so far. Vietnam and North Korea have no bad history; Neither country has a family; Three scholars have no real learning. There was no practical learning, so there were no useful talents in the Ming Dynasty. Xu Guangqi, a representative of practical learning in the late Ming Dynasty, said: The masses are well-read, knowledgeable and don't care about scheming, but they have Taixi secrets, which are salty and practical.
Although some members of the late Fushe Society turned to practical learning, it was too late to use this knowledge to save the downfall of the Ming Dynasty. Besides Fang Yizhi, Huang Zongxi, Wang Xizhi, Gu and others, the members of the club are proficient in astronomy and mathematics, and also can make calendars, guns, lead troops and cutting-edge technologies. It is impossible without missionaries as consultants. The main energy of the club is still the struggle for doors. Until the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, the complex society still held a tiger hill meeting. At the peak of the conference, hundreds of boats and more than a thousand sedan chairs from Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Shanxi and Fujian gathered at the foot of Tiger Hill. Thousands of people recite poems and compositions together, have fun and exchange friends. This kind of folk association has indeed opened up an unprecedented public space, but empty talk cannot replace learning. Practical learning was advocated in the late Ming Dynasty, but practical learning has not yet become a scholar's knowledge. Later, in the early Qing dynasty, Jiangnan literati hated this era.
Actually, Faucher's American colleagues are talking about western learning. Wang Mingsheng Agricultural Books: Chen Hu, a native of Taicang, Suzhou. The disadvantaged groups are all students. Next season, when there are many troubles in the world, meet with Tongli Lu Shiyi to talk about the economy. In addition, Qian Yiben collected a classic saying in an agricultural encyclopedia that Chen He has been a friend since he was fifteen. At the age of twenty-one, Chen and his wife were worried about the world. They are devoted to astronomy, geography, soldiers, farmers, etiquette and music, as well as the skills of six people in special doors. It can be seen that these two famous generals Chen worked with everyone in the last years of Chongzhen, stressing the skills of the world. Astronomical geography is a major of western learning, and the research on military agriculture was initiated by Xu Guangqi and Jesuits in Chongzhen period. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, people talked about the skills of statecraft, all of which had obvious western origins. Lu Shiyi has a positive evaluation of western learning. Clean and compile general records, and collect other documents for general inspection. He believes that western learning is science, not superstition: western learning never speaks for itself. He said that he thought that the food of the sun and the moon, the trip to the five latitudes, all have the way of * * *, and have the degree of * * *. How can he think this is good or bad? This is extremely close to rationality. It can be seen that the people of Fushe recognized the positive influence of Jesuits.
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