First, the characteristics of high school learning

1, characteristics of high school textbooks

(1) The amount of knowledge has increased. High school is similar to junior high school, but the amount of knowledge in high school is greater than that in junior high school. For example, there are about 60 physical mechanics knowledge points in junior high school and 90 mechanical knowledge points in senior high school.

(2) theoretical enhancement, which is the most important feature.

Some junior high school textbooks only require preliminary understanding and qualitative research, but

Senior high school requires in-depth understanding and quantitative research, and the abstraction and generality of teaching materials are greatly strengthened. For example, junior high school algebra focuses on solving equations and operations, while senior high school algebra is an abstract set and mapping from the beginning. Politics in junior high school is about law, which is related to facts. High school requires learning philosophical things such as economics and Marx's theory, which is relatively abstract.

(3) Systematically strengthening high school textbooks often take some basic theories as the key link and link basic concepts, basic principles and basic methods according to certain logic. Form a complete knowledge system. The correlation of knowledge before and after is one of its manifestations. In addition, the formation of knowledge structure is another manifestation, so the knowledge structure of high school textbooks is obviously upgraded.

(4) Comprehensively enhance the mutual penetration and mutual application of knowledge between disciplines, and deepen the learning difficulty. For example, analyzing and calculating physical problems requires knowledge and skills such as mathematical functions and solving equations.

(5) Ability improvement requires further improvement and training of reading ability, writing ability, calculating ability and experimental ability.

2. High school students' intellectual development requirements

It is generally believed that intelligence includes observation, memory, thinking ability and imagination, which requires senior high school students to develop intelligence accordingly.

(1) When observing things, we should be more purposeful, comprehensive and profound, and be able to distinguish between major and minor, inevitable and accidental phenomena; Not only static observation, but also dynamic observation; Not only qualitative research, but also quantitative analysis.

(2) Require memory to be based on logical recitation, and strive to grasp the internal relations of teaching materials on the basis of understanding and carry out memory.

(3) Use concepts, judgments and reasoning for logical thinking. At the same time, we should think independently and study problems.

(4) Imagination should be greatly developed. To concretize and visualize abstract problems, for example, from plane geometry to high school solid geometry, it is necessary to develop spatial imagination.

Second, high school learning methods

Einstein has a formula for success: a = x+y+z. A stands for success, X stands for hard work, Y stands for correct method, and Z stands for less nonsense. This formula points out three elements of career success. For learning, success also has three elements: learning success = psychological quality, learning methods and intelligent quality.

1, improve the psychological quality of learning

(1) learning motivation. Learning needs motivation. It is very important that students' learning motivation is generated by their personal needs. Some people have a strong thirst for knowledge and a strong interest in learning, which is exactly the case, such as further education, employment, interests, hobbies, honor, status, thirst for knowledge, career and future. Efforts should be made to strengthen the motivation of learning, such as setting up lofty ideals; Participate in various competitions, challenge the strong and stimulate the desire to learn; Encourage yourself when you see your academic achievements, so as to enhance your self-confidence, suffer setbacks and have the spirit of being unwilling to fail and humiliate.

(2) interest in learning. Strong interest in learning is closely related to efficiency, which can stimulate interest in learning from curiosity and thirst for knowledge. Such as physical experiments and chemical changes. It is easy to arouse people's curiosity and thirst for knowledge; Cultivate interest in all subjects. It is often after hard study that we discover the mystery and use of knowledge and improve our academic performance, so we must enter the "sea of books"; When applying knowledge to practice, stimulating interest and solving problems with what you have learned, that sense of success can easily stimulate interest in learning.

(3) Learning emotion, will and attitude. Linking positive emotions with learning to prevent the breeding of negative emotions can promote learning. Being good at controlling yourself is the key to learning willpower. It is particularly important to control and restrain your own behavior, control unnecessary thoughts and emotions, and concentrate on your studies.

2. Master scientific learning methods.

(1) preview the whole content of the textbook carefully before reading, give full play to your self-study ability, sort out what you already know and what you have doubts or don't understand (that is, find the key points and difficulties), mark it well and write it down separately. This not only improves the ability of self-study, but also paves the way for attending classes, forming a psychological set that expects teachers to analyze; This set of psychological needs will definitely stimulate our enthusiasm for learning and highly concentrated attention.

(2) Listening to lectures is the best shortcut to acquire knowledge, and the teacher teaches the truth that has been verified by history; It is the essence of teachers' long-term study and teaching practice. Because it is particularly important to improve classroom efficiency, how to improve classroom efficiency?

A, prepare well before class. Mental preparation is very important. Keeping energetic and clear-headed in class is the premise of learning knowledge well.

B, concentrate. When you are distracted, you are distracted. Everything depends on reason to force yourself to concentrate on listening, and to eliminate interference by will.

C, careful observation, positive thinking. Don't be a passive receiver of information, fully mobilize your enthusiasm, follow the teacher's teaching ideas, and actively think about the teacher's explanation. Conclusion It is better to learn from students' own observation, analysis and reasoning than to listen to ready-made conclusions first.

D, fully understand and master the method.

E, grasp the key points of the teacher's lecture. Some students often ignore the beginning and end of the teacher's lecture, which is wrong. The beginning is often a few sentences, but it is the outline of the whole lecture. As long as you grasp this outline and go to class, the following content will be clear. Although there are not many words at the end, it is a refinement and review reminder of the essence of a lesson. At the same time, pay attention to the parts repeatedly emphasized by the teacher.

F, do a good job in class notes. Memorizing by taking notes is one of the best ways to strengthen memory. Notes, an eternal record, can overcome the limitations of brain memory. As the saying goes, a good memory is not as good as a bad writing, so in order to fully understand and digest, you must take notes. At the same time, taking notes and fully mobilizing the organs such as ears, eyes, hands and heart to work together are helpful for learning.

G, pay attention to the communication with the teacher, eye contact, question communication, can promote learning.

(3) The method of homework is to improve thinking ability, review and master knowledge, and improve the speed of solving problems. By examining questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, we can consolidate and test ourselves. Of course, when analyzing problems, there are several ideas, such as forward deduction, reverse deduction, two-way deduction, auxiliary deduction and so on. In addition, homework must not be copied, which is meaningless. If you don't understand, you must understand it in time.

(4) Review method: German educator Stilwell said: "We must always go back to what we have learned to review ... It is much better to firmly remember what we have learned than to learn something new and forget it soon." Therefore, the "cramming" before the exam is often not feasible. Review lies in peacetime, how to review?

A, after-school memory, that is, on the basis of listening to lectures, recall what you have learned again.

First of all, determination is the source of learning motivation

Pasteur, a microbiologist and chemist, said: "Determination, work and success are the three elements of human activities. Determination is the gateway to success, and work is a journey into the house. At the end of this journey, there is a success waiting to celebrate the fruits of your efforts. "

As a high school student, you should learn to grasp the pulse of the times, face the future, set up the ambition of rejuvenating the motherland, set up the ambition of self-success, and gradually cultivate and establish your own career aspirations and ideals. With lofty aspirations, there is a strong motivation to strive for the upper reaches and success, study hard and strive for excellent results.

Second, the learning steps from junior high school to senior high school

Junior high school and senior high school have continuity in knowledge. The knowledge learned in junior high school is the knowledge base of senior high school learning. However, compared with junior high school, all subjects in senior high school have obviously improved in knowledge breadth and content depth. Therefore, it is very necessary to understand the differences between high school and junior high school in learning content and learning methods, make mental preparations, and actively create conditions to adapt to the study of various subjects as soon as possible.

Compared with learning in junior high school, learning in senior high school spans two steps: knowledge and ability. Compared with junior high school, the knowledge content and structure of senior high school have made two leaps: from concrete to abstract, from special to general, and the breadth and depth of knowledge have been greatly improved. In terms of ability, high school learning puts forward higher requirements for students, such as abstract and general thinking ability, logical reasoning thinking ability, analytical and comprehensive ability, self-learning ability and so on.

From junior high school to senior high school, we should study in by going up one flight of stairs. In order to cross this step smoothly, we should have enough mental preparation and learn high school courses well with new learning methods different from junior high schools.

Third, find a set of learning methods that suit you.

There are various learning methods, and each student should gradually explore a set of good learning methods suitable for him according to his own characteristics. The following are some generally applicable learning methods for high school students' reference.

1. Strive to combine all-round development with personality cultivation.

Middle school students should develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically. As far as subject learning is concerned, it also needs all-round development. Chinese and English are the basic tools of language and writing, and mathematics is the basic tool of operation. First, we must learn well. Physics, chemistry, biology and computer, as the basis of modern science and technology, should also study hard; The study of political lessons can help us to establish a correct political direction, a scientific world outlook and outlook on life, and knowledge of historical geography, music, fine arts and other artistic disciplines, which are indispensable for the improvement of cultural literacy and ideological realm, as well as the development of the ability to appreciate and distinguish elegant art.

As a middle school student, on the basis of all-round development, we should also cultivate our own personality. Cultivating your personality has two meanings. First, we should not only cultivate our interest in the X subject to be tested, but also strive to learn this X subject well. The second meaning is to have one's own fields or skills, such as computer technology, calligraphy, painting, music, sports and so on. Strive to reach a higher level. We should get rid of the traditional track of a thousand people and let our personality, innovative spirit and potential develop. If you have any special skill, you will show your talents in that activity and its related competitions or exams.

Learn to read

Successful scholars are fascinated by reading. "Reading is like a million volumes, and writing is like a god." As a middle school student, to learn, we must first read the textbooks well, and then carry out extensive extracurricular reading.

(1) Use textbooks correctly

Textbooks are the basis of teaching and learning. To learn all subjects well, we must pay attention to and learn to read textbooks. Some students don't know how to use textbooks. They often just find out the problem-solving formula from the book after class and work out the exercises, thinking that they have read the textbook. This method of using books is absolutely impossible in high school. In different learning links, we should look at textbooks, but there are different requirements.

Before class, you'd better preview what will be taught in the textbook. This time, it is clean. I knew what to say. Write down what you don't understand and listen carefully in class. Preview is to make the class know fairly well and improve the efficiency of the class.

The first thing after class is not doing exercises, but reading the text. After-class review is a stage of digestion and a positive thinking process of in-depth understanding, analysis and synthesis. Be sure to read the textbook in a timely, serious and word-for-word manner, and on this basis, actively digest it with your brain and hands.

Finally, every time you finish learning a chapter, you should read the whole chapter again, make a summary of the whole chapter, organize the whole chapter into systematic content purposefully, and master it systematically. This is a kind of knowledge induction.

(2) extensive extracurricular reading

In addition to intensive reading of textbooks, extensive extracurricular reading, especially popular science books and newspapers, should be carried out to broaden our horizons and cultivate self-study ability. For articles in popular science newspapers and periodicals, you can read them intensively except those you are particularly interested in, and generally read them extensively. In extensive reading, you may encounter some problems that you don't understand or understand very well. It doesn't matter. It is also beneficial to know that there is such a thing from reading. The main significance of this kind of reading is to expand knowledge and activate thinking.

Step 3 do the experiment carefully

Experiment is the foundation and the most important research method in physics, chemistry and biology. When studying physics, chemistry, biology and other subjects, experiments can help us understand and consolidate relevant knowledge. Therefore, we must learn to experiment. High school, how can we do scientific experiments?

(1) We should study well the famous experiments in history. Learning the experimental methods, experimental principles and experimental devices of these famous experiments in history can inspire our own ideas, let us learn from them in our own experiments, and realize the importance of careful observation and scientific induction of phenomena.

(2) Observe the demonstration experiment correctly. Classroom demonstration experiment is an experiment that teachers operate, guide us to observe correctly, and analyze and summarize the rules from the experiment. At this time, although we didn't have a chance to start work, we could fully watch, listen and think during the experiment. Observe and demonstrate the experiment. First of all, we should listen carefully to the teacher explain why we should do this experiment, how to arrange it, make clear the purpose of the experiment, know what factors to consider, what interference to eliminate, what instruments to use, what their functions are, and so on. In the process of demonstration, we should see clearly the purpose of each step, the operation process, the process of phenomenon change, how to succeed, how to lead to failure and so on. In short, when watching the demonstration experiment, we should observe and think carefully, pay attention to the purpose, principle, device, experimental operation steps and changing process of the experiment, instead of just looking at the experimental results, let alone being satisfied with just looking good and fun.

(3) Do the experiment carefully. Students' experiments arranged in teaching are extremely valuable learning opportunities. It is better to look than to do. To truly master the experimental skills, we must pass our own practice. How to do experiments well? Then we must do "six wants and six don't":

First of all, we should preview, make clear the purpose, principle and steps of the experiment, and be aware of it. Don't be confused, you are in a hurry during the experiment, and you are at a loss about the experimental results after the experiment.

Second, we should know the performance and precautions of the instrument and take good care of it. Don't fiddle with it, just use it.

Third, we should carefully observe the details of the experimental phenomenon and the changing process, and see the essence through the phenomenon. Don't watch the fun casually.

Fourthly, it is necessary to operate normally and cultivate good experimental literacy, which is the guarantee for obtaining accurate experimental results and success. Do not operate or even damage the instrument at will.

Fifth, we should not only work hard on the operation, but also actively think deeply about why we should do this, instead of doing it without thinking.

Sixth, we should carefully process the experimental data, analyze the experimental results, find out the causes of errors, and fill in the experimental report. Don't be careless. Only by piecing together the data can you get satisfactory results.

4. Develop good exercise habits and norms.

Doing problems is an important part of high school learning and has always been valued by students. It plays a great role in thoroughly understanding and consolidating the knowledge learned and cultivating the ability to apply knowledge to solve practical problems. To practice well, you must have good habits. If we only pursue the answers and quantity of solving problems, we will get caught in the ocean of problems and will inevitably achieve little results.

Understanding and mastering the basic knowledge is the premise of completing the exercise correctly. Basic concepts and laws are the basis of solving problems. It is often because you don't have a good understanding of basic concepts and laws that you can't solve problems or make mistakes in solving them.

What are the correct methods and good habits of doing exercises?

First of all, we should review the topic carefully. For example, to solve physical problems, we must first carefully analyze the research object and physical process. Read every sentence, every concept, every number and every unit in the topic carefully to make yourself clear about the meaning of the topic. Then determine which object or system the research object is and what process these objects go through, so as to determine the goal and basis for solving the problem.

Sketch is a method to help us analyze the theme and make it visual and concrete.

We should list the known conditions and unknown quantities one by one. Some of the known conditions in the exercise questions are directly given known numbers, and some are not directly given, but indirectly given, implied in some given values or information. Only through analysis, according to some interrelationships, can we find them out.

According to the analysis of the meaning of the question, find out the changing relationship between physical quantities and determine the physical formula for solving the problem. In some exercises, we should pay special attention to the approximate condition or critical state of the turning point. We should also pay attention to many physical exercises. Because of different thinking angles and ideas, different research objects and different physical formulas and mathematical methods, there are several different solutions. When you do a problem, you should practice multiple solutions to one problem. Through the analysis and comparison of various schemes, we can not only master knowledge, but also learn to choose the simplest and most ingenious scheme.

In operation, the unit system must be unified.

When solving physics exercises, you can't think that you have achieved your goal as soon as you work out the results. You should also study whether these results are reasonable and complete, whether there is a range of values, and so on. It is necessary to confirm that the answer is comprehensive, reasonable and correct in order to solve the problem.

Pay attention to cultivate a serious and rigorous style of study when doing the questions, so as to achieve standardized expression.

After the exercises and questions are corrected and sent back by the teacher, we should not only look at the scores, but also seriously study the problems pointed out in the teacher's correction, check and find our own loopholes and mistakes in knowledge understanding and application, and make up and correct them in time. It is necessary to establish a record of wrong questions, carefully analyze the reasons, find out the corresponding weak knowledge points and strengthen them to avoid repeating the same mistakes.

5. How to master memory

In learning, there is a lot of knowledge that we are required to learn by rote so that we can use it at any time. How can we remember them quickly, completely and accurately?

Understanding is the basis of memory. In senior high school, we should emphasize memory on the basis of deepening understanding, and have higher requirements for the combination of understanding and memory.

Some concepts and laws of science seem simple, while others are abstract and complex. In any case, we should analyze it when studying, find out the ins and outs, highlight the elements and grasp the key points, so as to deepen the impression, remember while understanding, and use it flexibly when analyzing and solving problems. (highlighting the key memory method)

When studying some problems, many concepts and laws often appear in groups. In learning, we should not only find out their ins and outs, but also compare them vertically and horizontally to find out how they were obtained and applied, how to deduce other formulas from some formulas, and compare them with related similar formulas in form, content and characteristics. You can do list analogy and knowledge classification to master the internal relations and differences of knowledge. In this way, for more complex content, we can sort out the system and clues, and remember and use them clearly. (Contrast contact classification memory method)

Repeated self-inspection and repeated application are necessary steps to consolidate memory. After each class, review, unit review, problem-solving application, experimental operation and semester review should be planned and arranged in order to continuously consolidate their memories.

4. Combine learning knowledge with learning methods to cultivate ability.

In learning, we should not only master the basic knowledge of various subjects, but also combine some scientific research methods to cultivate the ability to study, work and explore the unknown effectively. With these abilities, you can learn quickly and well, and when you grow up, you will have stronger ability to work independently and to invent and create.

When solving problems, we should not just forget, but rise to the height of mastering the basic methods of solving problems.

In high school, there are many abilities to be cultivated. The following mainly talks about observation ability, thinking ability, practical ability, and the cultivation of innovative spirit and creativity.

Observation ability A student with strong observation ability can grasp the characteristics of processes and phenomena, keenly discover some unexpected or subtle phenomena, and gain a lot of knowledge from his daily life. How to cultivate your observation ability?

When observing, we should have a clear purpose and concentrate on it, and grasp the characteristics of the observed phenomenon. For each step of the experiment, we should be clear about what we are mainly exploring or verifying, and focus on this point. We must also observe carefully and pay attention to what new phenomena appear, instead of passing by and turning a blind eye.

We should also have keen observation and observe some phenomena repeatedly. Thinking actively in the process of observation can continuously improve your observation ability in practice.

Thinking ability Thinking ability is the core of all kinds of abilities. Thinking includes analysis, synthesis, generalization, abstraction, reasoning, imagination and other processes. It is necessary to cultivate thinking ability through the formation of concepts, the conclusion of laws, the establishment of models and the application of knowledge. Therefore, in the process of learning, we should not only learn knowledge, but also learn scientific thinking methods and develop thinking ability.

In order to improve our thinking ability, we should always study by comparative methods. First of all, when learning every new concept, we should not only listen to the teacher's explanation, but also compare ourselves, find out similar examples and deepen our understanding. Second, compare concepts and laws with similar meanings, and analyze their differences and connections from many angles and aspects. If you often study by comparative methods, you can learn to analyze problems comprehensively and find their connections, differences and respective characteristics from various things, thus improving the breadth and depth of thinking.

In the study of practical ability, we should be good at both thinking and hands-on. Practical operation ability mainly refers to being able to make things and develop a series of will qualities related to intelligence (such as designing operation steps in advance, correctly using instruments and tools, paying attention to accuracy and precision, correcting deviations as soon as possible or quickly changing to a more reasonable scheme, etc.). ). Doing well in group experiments and small experiments in class and actively participating in various creative experimental design and scientific and technological inventions after class can improve your practical ability. In classroom, extracurricular experiments and various design and production activities, we should strive to combine with the application of modern information technology to cultivate the ability of collecting, processing and utilizing information.

Innovative spirit and creative ability To cultivate one's creative ability, one must first learn to find problems and dare to ask them. Einstein said, "Finding problems is often more important than solving them." We should dare to question the existing conclusions, express our different opinions and "discover" knowledge through our own exploration. We should learn to learn how to learn, how to think, how to seek differences and how to innovate through research study under the guidance of teachers in class, as well as self-determined topics and independent research exploration after class. You know, the development of science is inseparable from creation, and if you want to achieve something in science in the future, you can't do without creative thinking. Today, with the spirit of innovative learning, we can seize the "commanding heights" in the field of advanced science and technology development in China's socialist construction, and then control a large open area and become outstanding talents to climb the peak of science and technology.