Poetry schools in Song Dynasty. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian had a great influence on poetry. Although his creative achievements are not as good as Su Shi's, his poems more prominently reflect the artistic characteristics of Song poetry. He summed up a complete set of poetic techniques and passed them on to later scholars, so many poets followed and imitated Huang Tingjian. For example, Chen Shidao has the deepest friendship with Su Shi, but Huang Tingjian is a model of his poetry. Then a school of poetry centered on Huang Tingjian was gradually formed. In Hui Zong, Lu Benzhong wrote the Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society, and respected Huang Tingjian as the ancestor of poetry school. Chen Shidao and other 25 people think that these poets are in the same strain as Huang Tingjian. Lu's paintings have long been lost, and the earliest existing records can be found in the first volume of Hu's "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden from Conghua" in the Southern Song Dynasty. The 25 people listed in the map of Lu are:, Pan Dalin, Xie Yi,,, Zuke, Xu Fu, Lin Minxiu, Hongyan,
, Li □, Han Ju, Chao Chongzhi, Jiang Duanben, Yang Fu, Xie □, Xia Ni, Lin Mingong, Pan Daguan, He □, Shanquan Monk, Gao He. Later, the list recorded in books such as "Cloud Foot Full Chao" was slightly different from this. These poets are not all from Jiangxi, probably because Huang Tingjian, the father of the poetry school, is from Jiangxi, and there are many poets in this school, so it is named Jiangxi Poetry School. Among these 25 people, only 10 people, including, Xie Yi,,, Hong Yan, Han Ju,, Chao Chongzhi, Xie□, etc. Many works have been circulated. Except Chen Shidao, their grades are not very high. In addition, you, Zeng, Chen and others were classified as Jiangxi Poetry School by later generations. Zeng, Zeng Si, Zhao Fan, Han and others are also among the poets. Most of the members of the poetry school are Du Fu. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Fang Hui, Du Fu, Huang Tingjian, Chen were also called "one ancestor and three schools" of Jiangxi poetry school.
Because Jiangxi Poetry School did not put forward any special ideas on the ideological content of poetry, their works have their own characteristics on the ideological content. The works of Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and others mainly describe personal life experiences and express the author's thoughts and feelings, with narrow content. Zeng□, Chen and others who experienced the "Jingkang Revolution" wrote patriotic poems reflecting the national struggle at that time. The main reasons for the formation of Jiangxi poetry school
Because these poets have similar views on the art of poetry, the relationship between the members of the poetry school is mutual teaching and learning.
The most famous ideas in Huang Tingjian's poetics are "taking the fetus as the bone" and "turning iron into gold". That is to say, a method of inheriting predecessors' words or meanings aims at "bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new" in poetry creation. Huang Tingjian used this method effectively in his creative practice and made some achievements. But this method ignores the only source of literary creation, that is, social life, so it also has great disadvantages. Then there was some lack of innovation.
Poets with new spirit take this as a criterion and unilaterally pursue "no words are everywhere", but they can't "seek novelty", so they take people's wisdom, quote allusions and dry images, forming the last stream of Jiangxi poetry school. This is the main reason why Jiangxi Poetry School has been ridiculed for a long time.
However, "replacing bones with fetuses" and "turning iron into gold" are only one aspect of Huang Tingjian's poetry theory, which has not had a great influence on outstanding poets in Jiangxi poetry school. There is another side to Huang Tingjian's poetry theory, that is, the poet is required to strive to be "unique" on the basis of hard work and mastering artistic skills, get rid of the shackles of skills, and reach the highest artistic realm of "no axe and no chisel marks". Several important poets of Jiangxi Poetry School are deeply influenced by this.
Great, Chen Shidao takes "learning to be immortal" as a metaphor, Korean dramas take "meditation" as a metaphor, and Lv Benzhong emphasizes "living method", all of which contain the meanings of "learning and then realizing" and "seeking novelty". Because of this, although the members of Jiangxi Poetry School are closely related, their artistic style is not static. Huang Tingjian's poems are good at novelty, delicacy and hardness, and other poets also have their own characteristics: Chen Shidao's poems are simple, while Lv Benzhong's poems are clear and fluent.
-Poetry tends to be lively, and Chen's poetry tends to be vigorous, without the shortcoming of "a thousand people have one side". Fu, Han Ju and others are relatively thin, but they are quite independent. Therefore, Jiangxi Poetry School is an important link in the development of China classical poetry. His works are an important part of the Song Dynasty, and his artistic style is an important factor in the unique style of the Song Dynasty. His poetic theory also occupies a certain position in the history of China's literary criticism.
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the influence of Jiangxi Poetry School was very significant. Liu, Wang Zao, Zhang and others were not poets at that time, but they were also deeply influenced by Huang Tingjian. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the influence of Jiangxi Poetry School spread all over the poetry circle, and famous poets such as Yang Wanli, Lu You and Jiang Kui were all influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School in art. The influence of Jiangxi Poetry School was endless after the Song Dynasty, and the rest of the waves continued.
And modern poets with the same light.
Tongcheng school poetry
"It is more important to turn poetry into Tongcheng School than to look like an article." This is Cheng's comment on poetry in Inscriptions and Postscripts of Celebrities in Past Dynasties in China. Tongcheng school literature, which dares to play an important role in the literary world of Qing Dynasty.
It can be seen that the influence of Tongcheng School is enormous, and the position of husband in the history of literature can not be ignored. So what is Tongcheng Poetry School? When discussing this basic issue, scholars often list the famous poets in the history of Tongcheng School from a historical perspective, with time as the longitude and geography as the latitude: from the ignorance of Fa and Qi in the Ming Dynasty to Er Yao in the late Qing Dynasty, "The Tongcheng School is famous all over the world for 500 years." But this is only the history of Tongcheng poetry, not a scholar of Tongcheng poetry school. Tongcheng Poetry History and Tongcheng School are two concepts in the history of literature, which can not be completely overlapped, but also have multiple overlapping relationships. Simply put, Tongcheng Poetry School does not cover the whole history of Tongcheng Poetry, but is an important part of Tongcheng Poetry History. It is a school of poetry formed in a certain historical period by poets with similar poetic opinions and styles through conscious or unconscious combination. Its core figure comes from Tongcheng, so it is given a place name; However, followers fled outside Tongcheng, so it is not completely equivalent to Tongcheng poetry history with strict geographical division. Therefore, the study of Tongcheng poetry school should be based on Tongcheng and look at the whole country from the space; In terms of time, it is necessary to cut off the mass flow and clarify its source during the Qianlong period of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, which dates back to the Ming Dynasty.
Yushan school of poetry
Yushan Poetry School is an important school in the southeast poetry circle named after Yushan in Changshu in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Headed by Qian, including his disciples Feng Shu, Feng Ban and Qu? Grandchildren Qian Zeng, Qian Lucan and Wu Li, etc. Qian (1582 ~ 1664) was promoted as the history of rites in Nanming, and was promoted as a wine festival in the southeast poetry circle. Due to political ups and downs, early poems revealed the thought of worrying about the country and the people, and in later years, many ministers who lost their country missed the voice of the past. With its unique genre and rich content, it swept away the blind imitation and vague poetic style in the late Ming Dynasty and created a new situation in the early Qing Dynasty. He is the author of Poems of Past Dynasties, Beginners' Collection and Travel Collection. Feng Ban (1602 ~ 167 1) and his brother Feng Shu are also called "Mr. Er Feng". He has profound skill in textual research on the origin of The Book of Songs, and is a famous poetic critic in the history of China's poetry, and he is the author of Dingyuan Collection. Bend your body? The poem "Qi Hao Yin" is famous in Changhong, which can be compared with Wen Tianxiang's "Song Zhengqi". Qian Ceng (1629 ~ 17 10) wrote Crossing the Lus and Judging Spring. Qian Lucan (16 12 ~ 1698) is the second leader of the Yushan Poetry School after Qian, and he is the author of Poems on Foraging. Wu Li (1632 ~ 17 18) wrote March 8th. The biggest feature of Yushan Poetry School is to learn from the past rather than to learn from the past, actively advocate poetry innovation, learn from the strengths of various schools, and form its own style, which has made certain contributions to the prosperity of poetry circles in Southeast China.
Wangmeng landscape poetry school
Landscape pastoral poetry school is one of the two major poetry schools in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This school of poetry is the successor of Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Yao. The poets of this school are famous for being good at depicting pastoral scenery, and their artistic styles are close. They reflect their quiet mood or quiet thoughts by depicting quiet scenery, so they are called "pastoral poets". Its main author is Meng.
Meng Haoran's pastoral poems were mostly written in the form of five-character poems, which were very famous at that time. In his poems, there are descriptions of magnificent mountains and rivers, descriptions of secluded mountain forests, descriptions of travel scenes, and reflections on rural farmers' lives, such as
Wang Wei is the most accomplished poet among the pastoral poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His poems are poetic and picturesque. Su Shi, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, once spoke highly of them: "There are paintings in poetry". Since then, "painting in poetry" has become the final evaluation of Wang Wei's poetry.
Wang Wei's pastoral poems vary widely, with different styles and artistic conception. They are sometimes magnificent, sometimes detailed and intriguing, sometimes vivid and vivid, and sometimes subtle and concise. Wang Wei is also good at vividly expressing natural scenery with various colors, such as "the grass in the rain is green and the peach blossoms on the water are red." "Gray rain curtain, green grass and pink peach blossom interweave into a colorful spring dawn picture of mountains and rivers, which is really picturesque in poetry", which is intoxicating.
Gao Cen Frontier Poetry School
Poetic schools in China in Tang Dynasty. It mainly describes the frontier fortress scenery and reflects the life of frontier fortress soldiers. During the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, some frontier poems appeared, and the number increased continuously in Sui Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, Sijie and Chen Ziang further developed it and reached full maturity in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Gao Shi, Li Jie and Wang Changling are the most famous poets in this school, while Gao and Cen have the highest achievements. Others such as Wang Zhihuan, William Wang, Cui Hao, Liu Wan and Zhang Wei are also famous. Most of these poets had frontier fortress life experience, and they profoundly expressed frontier fortress life from all aspects, and also made some innovations in art. They not only described the magnificent desolate and colorful frontier fortress scenery, but also expressed their lofty aspirations and thoughts and feelings of inviting people to abandon their wives and children. Attitudes towards war are mixed, with curses and condemnations, and often reach a certain depth in thought. His poems are generous in emotion, rich in atmosphere and rich in artistic conception, and often take the form of seven-character poems and seven-character quatrains. Excellent works such as Ge Yanxing by Gao Shi and The Journey to the West by Cen Can. In addition, Lu Lun and Li Yi in the middle Tang Dynasty also had some desolate frontier quatrains.