Submarines can be traced back to 15- 16 century Leonardo da Vinci. It is said that he once conceived a "ship that can sail underwater", but this ability has always been considered "evil", so he did not draw a design. Until the eve of World War I, submarines were still regarded as "non-gentleman" weapons, and their captured crew members might be regarded as pirates. /kloc-in the 0 th and 6 th centuries, real submarines appeared. 1578, the British mathematician William Bourne wrote the book Invention and Design to describe submarines. 1620, a Dutch-born Englishman Cornelius Jabs de Boer made the first "sub-motor vehicle" with written records. Mainly according to the previous design, the propulsive force is generated by manually operated paddles. However, some people think that it is just "a bell-shaped thing tied under a surface ship" and is not a submarine at all. From 1620 to 1624, it has two improved models for experiments on the Thames. In 2002, the BBC TV program "Building Impossible" was broadcast [3]. According to the design drawings of that year, Mark Edwards of Kyle built a Derbord submarine with them, and successfully snorkelled in Doni Lake in Eton. "Diving boats" can explore the underwater world, but their military value is soon discovered. 1648, John Wilkins, Bishop of Chester, wrote a book Mathematical Magic, which pointed out the advantages of submarines in military strategy: 1, privacy: going to any coast in the world will not be discovered or controlled. 2. Safety: Pirates and robbers cannot rob underwater ships; Unstable tides and strong wind and rain cannot affect 25-30 feet (5-6 steps) below the sea surface; Ice and frost can't endanger submarine crew, even in the Arctic and Antarctic waters. 3. Effectively resist the enemy navy, destroy and sink surface ships. 4. Support places surrounded by or close to water, and deliver materials silently. 5. As a useful underwater proving ground. The first submarine used for military purposes appeared in the American War of Independence. David bushnell of Yale University built this turtle. By injecting water into the water tank through the pedal valve, the ship can dive 6 meters underwater and stay underwater for about 30 minutes. The boat is equipped with two hand-operated propellers, which enables the boat to achieve a speed of about 3 knots and control the boat's lifting. There is a manual pressure pump in the boat, which can drain the water from the water tank and make the boat float. An explosive charge that can be detonated by a timing fuse is carried outside the boat and can be placed at the bottom of the enemy ship inside the boat. Only one person can operate the rudder and propeller inside. 1776, the turtle tried to attack HMS Eagle without success, but this was the first attempt by a submarine to attack a warship. The first submarine that successfully sank an enemy ship in history was during the American Civil War. Horace Lawson Henley built the submarine "Henley", with eight crew members and driven by cranks. The explosive extends from its front end and explodes when it touches an enemy ship. 1864 February 17 at 9: 00 pm, the USS Housatonic frigate was successfully sunk, but it was also sunk due to the vortex generated by the explosion. So far, submarines are propelled by manpower, which limits the development of submarines. At this time, the steam engine has been invented and applied to railway transportation and surface ships. The application of steam engine in submarine promoted the development of submarine power plant. With the continuous efforts of submarine designers, a modern submarine powered by machinery finally appeared. During the 65438+1980s, submarines made progress day by day, and countries gradually realized its importance. The United States, Britain, France, Sweden, Italy, Germany and Russia are all keen on research and development. 1878, British-American john philip holland devoted himself to this work. 1900 In April, the U.S. government purchased its submarine Holland 9 and incorporated it into the U.S. Navy. Since then, submarines have officially become naval vessels. 1898, Maxim rabo, a Frenchman, first built a "narwhal" with a double hull structure, which stored ballast water between the two hulls, with the advantage of greatly increasing buoyancy. This later became a Soviet submarine. The end of 18 to the end of 19 is an important period for submarine development. 180 1 year, the submarine nautilus was built by American R. fulton, with an iron frame and a copper shell, 7 meters long, carrying two mines and being operated by four people. Folding masts are used on water and powered by sails. Underwater is propelled by pushing the propeller by hand. 65438+In the 1960s, during the American Civil War, the submarine Henry built by the Confederate army was about12m long and was cigar-shaped. It was propelled by eight people shaking the propeller at a speed of four knots and attacking enemy ships with mines. 1February 864 17 On the night, Henry sank the northern warship Hausa Tonik with lightning, which was the first case of submarine sinking a warship. 1in September, 880, China built its first submarine in Tianjin. The boat is olive-shaped and very flexible when driving underwater. It can secretly send mines underwater and put them under enemy ships. Early submarines were all propelled by manpower, and the speed was very slow. 1863, France built the submarine "Diver", which was driven by a compressed air engine with a power of 58.8 kW (80 HP) and a speed of 2.4 knots. Can dive underwater for 3 hours, diving depth 12 meters. 1886, the British built the submarine Nautilus, which was propelled by batteries, with a speed of 6 knots and an endurance of about 80 nautical miles. 1897, the United States built the "Netherlands" ⅵ submarine, which used a 33 kW (45 HP) gasoline engine power plant on the water surface, with a speed of 7 knots and endurance 1000 nautical mile. Powered by underwater motor, with a speed of 5 knots and a endurance of 50 nautical miles, it is the beginning of submarine dual propulsion system. The weapons used in early submarines were mainly timed detonating explosives or mines hung on the hull. 1866, Englishman R. Whitehead made the first torpedo. 188 1 year, Nordfield, a submarine built by T. Nordfield and G. Garrett, was equipped with torpedo tubes for the first time; In the same year, the "Holland II" submarine built in the United States was equipped with a torpedo tube capable of launching torpedoes underwater, which was an important development in the history of submarine development. As early as 65438+1950s, an engineer of the French Navy put forward the proposal of refitting mechanical power submarines, and many people tried it. 1863, France built a submarine named "Diver". The hull is designed to imitate the shape of dolphins, with a length of 42.67 meters and a displacement of 420 tons. Powered by a 59 kW (80 HP) steam engine with a speed of 2.4 knots, it can dive underwater for 3 hours, with a dive depth of12m. Powered by a steam engine, Diver surpassed all submarines at that time and became the largest submarine before the 20th century. Although the power plant of "Diver" submarine had a qualitative leap, it was limited by the design level at that time. When the buoyancy is equal to zero through the pressurized load, the submarine is out of control and the stability of underwater navigation is poor. In addition, submarines need a lot of air to sail underwater, which was almost an unsolvable problem at that time. As a result, the diver ended in failure. After the steam engine failed as the power of submarine, submarine designers had to find a new way to find a better power device for submarine. 1886, Britain built a battery-powered submarine (also known as Nautilus) and successfully sailed underwater, with a speed of 6 knots and a endurance of about 80 nautical miles. Since then, the electric propulsion device has shown a broad prospect for submarine's underwater navigation. But john holland, an American submarine designer, has made the greatest contribution to the development of modern submarines. John Holland 184 1 was born in Liskner, Ireland, and his father was an employee of the British Coast Guard. His father's career made Holland curious about the ocean and warships from an early age. Before graduating from high school, his father died unfortunately, and the young Holland was forced to finish his studies and work as a science teacher in a school, thus shouldering the burden of family life. During this period, Holland worked while designing submarines. 1873, the Netherlands quit its teacher and went to the United States with its own submarine design drawings. In America, when he was teaching in a Catholic school, he perfected his submarine design. 1875, the Netherlands sent the plan to build a new submarine to the US Admiralty. However, the US Navy still remembers the sinking of a small manual submarine named "Whale of Wisdom" which paid 50,000 US dollars, so it flatly rejected the Dutch plan. The Netherlands, which was rejected, was not deterred. He quickly got the strong support of the "Fenia Association" composed of some Irish revolutionaries in exile in the United States. With the support of "Fenia Society", after three years' efforts, the Netherlands finally launched its first submarine at 1878. This submarine named "Holland -I" is a single submarine. The boat is 5 meters long and equipped with 1 gasoline internal combustion engine, which can sail at a speed of 3.5 nautical miles per hour. However, because the problem of air needed by the internal combustion engine when the submarine navigates underwater has not been solved, the submarine stopped working as soon as it dived into the underwater engine. Although this is an unsuccessful submarine, the Netherlands has accumulated experience in it and laid the foundation for the next step of building a new submarine.