Two volumes of mathematics examination papers for the new college entrance examination
Mathematical answers in the second volume of the new college entrance examination
The important role of parents in voluntary service.
Voluntary reporting is as important to college entrance examination students as the second college entrance examination. Parents undoubtedly hope to play a more effective role in voluntary service, with more protection, less risk, more hope and less regret. In the past experience, there are always some parents who use hearsay information to make subjective decisions, which violates the "rules of the game" of the college entrance examination and causes a lot of regrets. This leads us to think about what role parents should play and what role they should play in the process of voluntary service.
We believe that volunteering is a process to solve a series of contradictions. The three elements of this contradiction-universities, candidates and government policies-can be represented by a Latin letter π. The one above represents government policies, the one on the left represents universities, and the one on the right represents candidates. China's admission system is that the government formulates and explains policies, universities and candidates choose in two directions according to the established policies, the government is in a position of control and supervision, and universities and candidates are in an equal position. It is generally believed that candidates are always in a weak position, which is from the perspective of information acquisition. If candidates can clearly understand themselves, deeply understand colleges and universities and fully grasp policies, they will be able to fill in their volunteers with ease, put themselves in a favorable position and analyze a set of beautiful answers. Therefore, parents should play the role of information officer in voluntary reporting, and their functions should be to collect (mine) information, sort out (screen) information and analyze (synthesize) information. On this basis, we will make a volunteer plan with our children. Such a scheme will be scientific and reasonable to the maximum extent, avoid blindness and mistakes, and then strive for a satisfactory result. Below, provide parents with some basic information about the elements of the college entrance examination, information analysis methods and weighing strategies.
First, the general classification of institutions of higher learning in China
Macroscopically, there are about 1000 colleges and universities in China, which are roughly divided into six levels. Among them, "985" engineering universities 10 supported by the state-Peking University, Tsinghua, People's Congress, Fudan University, Jiaotong University, Nanda University, Zhejiang University, Xi Jiaotong University, China University of Science and Technology and Harbin Institute of Technology; The second batch of domestic famous schools supported-Beijing Normal University, Wuhan University, Sun Yat-sen University, Nankai University, Tongji University, Southeast University, etc. A province is listed as a key batch of universities; Colleges and universities admitted in ordinary batches in 20 provinces (private undergraduate courses are located late at this level); General college; Private universities. Due to the differences in admission batches and social recognition in different provinces, this classification is only of reference value. Candidates should position themselves realistically according to their own situation. Because Peking University and Tsinghua have more special positions in candidates' minds, only 0.5% of the candidates in the province have reached the admission line of these two schools. Candidates must be excellent in all subjects, have no weaknesses, have special skills at ordinary times, and have very stable psychological quality. The above classification is based on the school, and it does not involve the differences between majors in the school. The professional differences are sometimes quite large. In the provinces where colleges and universities are concentrated, if the candidates are divided into excellent students (accounting for 2% of the candidates in the province), excellent students (accounting for 10% of the candidates in the province), excellent students (accounting for 20% of the candidates in the province), good students (accounting for 35% of the candidates in the province), medium students (accounting for 50% of the candidates in the province) and qualified students (.
It is worth pointing out that some single-subject schools, such as Beijing Foreign Studies University and Shanghai International Studies University, China University of Finance and Economics and Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, xidian university and Chengdu University of Electronic Technology, China Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University and Haihe Agricultural University, all have their own characteristics and strong teachers. Their strong disciplines are among the best in China, but the admission scores are not very high, which is worth choosing.
Colleges and universities are trained according to their majors. The Ministry of Education divides undergraduate majors into four levels, namely, bachelor's degree awarding points, master's degree awarding points, doctoral degree awarding points and national key disciplines. This level basically reflects the teachers' strength, teaching instruments and equipment, personnel training quality, scientific research achievements and other elements of each major. The scientific research strength of key disciplines with national key laboratories is stronger, and the post-doctoral research mobile station is established by doctoral programs, not an independent level.
The investment line of colleges and universities reflects the difficulty of local candidates applying for the school that year. For universities with small enrollment scale, the investment line may fluctuate greatly, even well-known universities recognized in China are not immune. Therefore, the average value of the last three years should be used to analyze the investment line of colleges and universities. If we can analyze the differences between the same batch of investment lines and scores, it will be more concise and clear at a glance.
According to the purpose of the college entrance examination reform, this year the Ministry of Education continues to give some reputable universities the right to recruit students independently. Colleges and universities that implement independent enrollment have the right to formulate policies to take care of and enroll promising students. The minimum amount of care can be reduced to the same batch score. The care object has strict shortlisting conditions and audit procedures. Generally speaking, three types of people are expected to be selected, that is, those with consistently excellent grades; Have obvious specialties in literature, art, sports and disciplines; Good ideological and moral quality, such as being brave. Those who meet the above conditions can contact the institutions for approval in advance. Those who are reported and verified are disqualified.
Second, get to know your children again.
About half of parents don't know their children accurately enough, and most of them are too optimistic. If parents only rely on the children's statements and the general introduction of the class teacher, but do not understand the overall situation of the class and the school, they may fall into a blindly optimistic situation. Because children's reports always cover up evil and promote good, the words of the class teacher are always inspiring and forward-looking. We should recognize children from three aspects: first, recognize children's interests and specialties to determine their career orientation; The second is to recognize the child's real ability to take the exam, so as to determine the level and category of the school; The third is to recognize the children's self-care ability and physical and mental condition to determine the geographical location and nature of the school.
The Examination Center of the Ministry of Education has carried out experiments on the theory of mutual adaptation between people and occupations in China, and put forward seven types of adaptation between people and occupations and majors. Namely:
Art (suitable jobs include composition, fashion design and writing).
Business type (suitable for marketing, enterprise management, legal affairs).
Transaction type (suitable for secretaries, bank tellers, data administrators, etc.). ).
Research-oriented (suitable for data statistics analysts and university teaching and research personnel).
Natural type (suitable for agricultural product development, medical treatment, mineral exploration, etc.). ).
Technical type (suitable for mechanics, drivers, engineers and technicians).
Social type (suitable for primary and secondary school teachers, community workers, psychological counselors, tour guides, etc.). ).
Volunteer service should give full consideration to children's hobbies and personality. After all, the choice of major is closely related to occupation. Because of age and experience, it is difficult for candidates to evaluate their ability to take exams. Parents need to master these evaluation factors:
1. The real ranking of children in school cannot be replaced by the best grades, but should be weighted by the average (the closer to the difficulty of the college entrance examination, the greater the weight);
2. The grade of the school in the middle school in the province and the number of students who scored in the college entrance examination in previous years;
3. The child's strengths and weaknesses in this subject;
4. Children's interests and ambitions;
5. If you finish volunteering, then estimate your child's score. This kind of score cannot be taken seriously, and the proportion of miscalculation is not small. The better the candidate, the more accurate the score.
6. Children's self-care ability and psychological endurance.
According to 1 and 2, parents can estimate the relative nouns of their children in the whole province, so as to make the direction of choosing schools; According to 3 and 4, you can decide the professional direction, whether to obey the distribution. According to 5, parents and children review their choices and check how many deviations there are. According to 6, determine the geographical location and nature of the school.
Third, fully grasp the policy.
Parents are fully familiar with the college entrance examination policy, which can make volunteering more objective and accurate. The policies that need to be mastered are: physical examination standard, volunteering time, admission batch, arrangement measures for failed students, admission policy of self-enrollment schools, professional grade difference during admission, adjustment of professional policies in colleges and universities, assistance measures for poor students, and previous students' policies.
Since 2003, the unified national physical examination standard has changed from rigid to flexible, that is, from the original strict regulations to the reference standard of colleges and universities. This change adapts to the trend of higher education in China from elite education to mass education, and increases the chances of some candidates with physical defects being admitted. Colleges and universities study the employment characteristics and physical requirements of various majors according to national standards, and announce the physical examination requirements to the public before the exam every year. Due to the different professional settings and training objectives of each school, it is inevitable that different physical examination standards will be produced. If necessary, you can ask by letter or interview. At present, the most common physical examination problems of candidates are vision, color blindness and abnormal liver function. Usually, students with vision correction above 800 degrees, color blindness and high transaminase are easy to be rejected, and such students are more likely to be admitted to schools with lower grades.
The order of admission batches is very important. Smart candidates tend to avoid the last batch of dissatisfied schools and choose their favorite schools instead; Others may fall into a school (major) that they don't want to go to and be at a loss.
It's sad that I failed to get high marks. Although provincial examination institutions are trying to reduce this situation, many provinces are trying to reduce it. However, if the candidates can understand the policy of failing the list in advance, they will not be in a hurry.
The preferential admission policies of independent enrollment schools are different. Parents and candidates don't need to know everything, just pay attention to the schools they are interested in. All schools have such policy announcements on their websites. If you have a vague understanding, you must inquire clearly to avoid misunderstanding and regret.
The professional level at the time of admission is also very important, which directly relates to the professional arrangement. The first major volunteer with big grade difference is particularly important. The professional grade difference of ordinary colleges and universities is about 1 ~ 5 points. If you want to avoid the unpopular major with moderate test scores, you can choose the unpopular major in a school with large professional differences.
Fourth, the choice of subject categories.
When children have no obvious subject preference and career tendency, how to choose a subject can easily trouble parents. Except for a few sports and arts, the training objectives of colleges and universities in China are mainly divided into several categories, and most colleges and universities have clear regulations. In order to facilitate the college entrance examination, all provinces have incorporated agriculture and medical management into liberal arts or science and engineering respectively. However, some applied sciences and social sciences tend to integrate science, engineering and art. In the provinces and cities that implement the "comprehensive" examination, there has been an imbalance, that is, there are fewer liberal arts students in senior grades and fewer science students in middle and lower grades. The shortage of liberal arts students in higher schools leads to the loss of professional talents, and the shortage of science and engineering students in middle and low schools. Therefore, students with good grades may apply for liberal arts, while students with average grades may apply for science. From the perspective of social demand, China is in a period of rapid economic development, and there is a serious shortage of high-tech talents. The corresponding training of science and engineering talents is more urgent. However, due to the restriction of social development and the large-scale enrollment expansion in recent years, the supply of basic liberal arts and some applied liberal arts, which are mainly based on research, exceeds demand, so some liberal arts students complain that they can't find ideal jobs. In the choice of science and engineering, because science is more oriented to teaching and research departments, engineering is more oriented to production and practice departments, so if you consider getting employment as soon as possible, you should choose engineering; If you want to further study and do research, you can choose science. Due to the rapid update of modern scientific and technological knowledge, engineering colleges are also stepping up research-based teaching to cultivate higher-level talents, so the partial science major in engineering colleges has similar characteristics to science.
Five, enter oneself for an examination
1. Apply for poor students
Students from poor families should pay attention to the following points when filling in their volunteers:
Poverty is a thing of the past, and going to college is sunshine avenue's way out of poverty. We should throw away the ideological burden, face the reality calmly and strive for "cultural prosperity";
University is not compulsory education, and it is the obligation of students and parents to pay for the school, so we should try our best to increase the cost of the school;
The government, society and universities have prepared many measures to help poor students. The national scholarship, which was implemented in 2002, can reward students with 6,000 yuan each year and exempt them from tuition fees for the whole year. There are also many donations in society to reward and help college students. As long as poor students study hard, there is hope of getting a grant.
National student loan is the main channel of student financial assistance. Commercial banks that issue student loans require students to study hard and pay attention to credit. Students applying for loans should prepare their ID cards and proof of financial difficulties. Because banks can't tolerate the phenomenon of not paying back loans, schools stopped lending in 2003, and some provinces began to implement student-origin loans.
Some departments, some media and some schools have introduced measures to help poor students. We should not understand that we can go to school without paying tuition. It is estimated that there are about 2 million poor college students (excluding graduate students) in China, and it takes about 20 billion yuan each year to completely solve their study and living expenses. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, in 2002, the cost of subsidizing college students in China was about 7 billion yuan, of which 2.63 billion yuan was scholarships, and at most 20% was given to poor students, so the actual amount of subsidizing poor college students was about 5 billion yuan (of which 2 billion should be repaid by state loans), with a gap of 75%.
There are also some ways to reduce or grant tuition fees, such as applying for military schools (military dependents' treatment), applying for national defense students (scholarship of 5,000 yuan/year), and applying for targeted students facing the western region (Tibet) and hard industries (targeted unit funding). Poor families can choose.
2. Application Form for Special Students
Some students with special talents in art, physical education, discipline and innovation ability are obviously superior to ordinary students and are favored by colleges and universities, which is the result of their years of hard training. It should be noted that according to the traditional characteristics of universities, universities only need some classes and a certain number of special students, and they do not refuse to come. Some provinces have set a very low entry line for super-long students. This entrance line is not the promotion line of colleges and universities, and all colleges and universities have their own promotion lines. Special students should negotiate with colleges and universities before filling in their volunteers, and they can apply only after passing the examination. The admissions officer's promise must be written, and any individual's promise has no legal effect.
3. Application Form for Disabled Students
Since 2003, the national education department has interpreted the rigid physical examination standard as the reference standard implemented by colleges and universities, aiming at relaxing the admission restrictions for disabled students. Colleges and universities are studying the possibility of relaxing standards on a professional basis. In view of the shortage of resources (especially high-quality resources) in colleges and universities, colleges and universities certainly give priority to enrolling healthy candidates under the same conditions. Candidates with physical health defects should master the following four principles:
Patients with infectious diseases in the infectious period should take the initiative to give up the examination and rest at ease.
Patients with myopia above 800 degrees, color blindness and color weakness should avoid the majors defined in the physical examination standards.
Those who are physically disabled or unable to take care of themselves should take the initiative to lower their schooling level and exchange high scores for physical disadvantages.
Before volunteering, try to understand the situation from relevant institutions, understand the intentions of institutions, and increase the insurance coefficient.
4. Applications from previous students
Although the admission rate of college entrance examination has increased steadily in recent years, candidates are pursuing prestigious schools and popular majors. Students who are far-fetched and obedient would rather repeat than condescend. The state does not discriminate against former students, but it will not encourage this phenomenon, because the decreasing enrollment rate of colleges and universities has seriously affected the rational utilization of higher education resources. In colleges and universities, the admission of previous students is often "equally lagging behind" because their review and deepening time is much longer than that of freshmen. According to the above analysis, previous students can't fill in their volunteers, so they should lower their ideal values appropriately in order to win at one time.
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