Material 1: Sun Yat-sen said: "Medical skills can only save people, so can other charities. If the husband has the greatest power, there is nothing better than politics. The power of politics can be great goodness or great goodness. The sufferings of our people are all caused by bad politics. If you save the country and the people, you must go to bad politics. " -Chen Shaobai: "A Brief History of the Revolution in Xingzhonghui"

On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Sun Yat-sen wrote to Li Hongzhang and put forward a systematic proposal to revitalize China and develop production. However, he didn't get a reply, nor did he get Li See's Hong Zhang. Sun Yat-sen realized that it was not feasible to reform China's politics by petitioning. -People's Education Edition High School History Textbook

(1) Based on the first and second materials, this paper explains the changes that occurred during Sun Yat-sen's search for ways to save the country and the people. (2 points)

From practicing medicine to saving lives to engaging in political activities; From fantasy improvement to advocating revolution.

Material 3 Gandhi said: "Our Gandhi family sincerely pursues Vishnu. In ancient Salat, Jainism and Vishnu believers severely opposed and rejected meat. I grew up in this religious tradition and am very filial to my parents. I know that if they know that I have broken the meat-eating commandment, they will be frightened. " -"Gandhi" (2) According to the third material, analyze the reasons why Gandhi gave up meat.

The religious tradition of the family; Filial piety to parents.

Material 4: Principles of Non-violent Resistance Movement. In ancient Salat, I also use the English word "passive resistance" to describe it. I once found that the meaning of the word "passive resistance" was too narrow at a gathering of Europeans. I also found that it is regarded as a weapon of the weak, which is characterized by hatred and may eventually become violence. So I have to object to these explanations. ..... (Later) I changed the word to "Satya Graha" (that is, stick to the truth). Since then, it has become the collective name of this struggle in ancient Zarathustra. -Gandhi autobiography: the story of my experience of truth

Please answer:

(3) According to the fourth material, explain the differences between the principles before and after the non-violent resistance movement. And explain the reasons for its change. (3 points)

Difference: From "passive resistance" to "upholding the truth". (1) reason: the passive resistance is too narrow; Easy to develop into violence. (2 points)

(4) Combining the above materials and what they have learned, analyze the factors that determine their different ways of struggle. (3 points)

Factors: environment; Personal experience; Specific national conditions; The current situation. (3 points, only 3 points can be answered)

2. (Nantong Second Tune) Read the following materials:

Material 1: He was more radical about the past, demanding reform in the old and new political turmoil at that time, not a conservative feudal monarchist; He is conservative about the future and advocates kingship. He is not a radical pacifist, but a contradictory historical figure. -gu "kingship or * * * and? Conservative or radical? -on Cromwell's political views 2 1925 Sun Yat-sen died in March 12. Shanghai Shenbao commented: "Dr. Sun Yat-sen is the only person in China who has struggled for his career for decades. China's political personality is indomitable and consistent, and Mr. Zhongshan is the only one. Dr. Sun Yat-sen is a true patriot. He has no other thoughts abroad and can be said to be a pure patriot. Dr. Sun Yat-sen is a true walker, regardless of success or failure, regardless of reputation, can be described as a brave practitioner. ..... So, to be famous all over the world, Dr. Sun Yat-sen is honest with China. ".

Please answer:

(1) According to the materials and knowledge learned, explain Cromwell's positive role in the process of British political democratization. How to understand Cromwell's "Future Conservatism"? (4) Function: Defeat Wang Jun, execute the king and overthrow the monarchy. (2 points) Understanding: Because he later dissolved the parliament, served as lord protector and established a military dictatorship. (2 points)

(2) Material 2 thinks that "Dr. Sun Yat-sen is the only one who has struggled for the cause of China for decades". Please explain it in combination with what you have learned. (4 points) Description: Establishing the China League; Leading the Revolution of 1911 and overthrowing the imperial system; The establishment of the Republic of China and the promulgation of the interim constitution; Develop the Three People's Principles into new Three People's Principles and promote cooperation between countries. (4 points) (3) There are great differences in the evaluation of Cromwell in the history circle, and the evaluation of Sun Yat-sen is one-sided praise. Combined with the above materials, the reasons are pointed out. (2 points) Reason: Cromwell has contributed to history, but it also has great limitations; Sun Yat-sen struggled for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation all his life, with outstanding achievements and noble moral character. (2 points, as long as it makes sense, you can give points)

Throughout the ages, the political elites of the Chinese nation have made great contributions to the prosperity and development of the country, making the Chinese nation stand among the nations of the world. Read the following graphic materials and answer the questions:

Material 1: "Since ancient times, you have been China and you have been me. I love it as always, so it treats me like a parent. "

-Emperor Taizong

Material 2

Question:

(1) Material 1 What kind of ethnic policy did Emperor Taizong adopt? Summarize the main measures taken by Emperor Taizong in harmonious ethnic relations. (3 points)

National unity policy (or enlightened national policy); (1) set up institutions to govern Turks and appoint local nobles as leaders; Awarded the title of leader of ethnic minorities; Kiss Tubo. (Any two points

(2) What two aspects of the contradiction in the Kangxi period were reflected in Material 2? From which two aspects did the settlement of these contradictions reflect the achievements of Emperor Kangxi? (4 points)

The contradiction between the central government and the separatist forces of ethnic minorities; The contradiction between Chinese nation and European colonists. (2 points) Consolidate and unify the country and safeguard national sovereignty. (2 points)

(3) What are the implications of the policies and measures of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Kangxi in dealing with ethnic relations today? (2 points)

Adhere to the policy of regional ethnic autonomy; Adhere to the policy of national equality, national unity and the development and prosperity of all ethnic groups; Cracking down on ethnic separatist activities according to law; Resolutely oppose the attempt of international anti-China forces to split China's territory. (Any two points, 2 points. Students' answers can be graded as appropriate as long as they conform to the meaning of the question and make sense. )

4, (09 Xiamen graduating class examination questions)

Material 1 In April of the second year of Zhenguan (628), Shang Zuoshu became a representative of Zhou Yue: "After the chaos, the household registration withered, and the rent was paid every year, and there was no real warehouse. Give it at any time, only for that year. If there is a disaster, what will the relief be? .................................................................................................................................................................................. is not over, and the people are hungry. In the county, you can take it. " He said: "It is commendable to benefit the people. You may wish to go down to the company and discuss the establishment of the system. " -Excerpt from Old Tang Book

Material 2: "The savings saved over the years are the ointment on my deathbed. My welfare (tax exemption) has been repeated, so don't worry about the shortage of the national economy. It is also well raised. "

-Excerpt from Record of the Holy Father in Qing Dynasty

(1) In the material 1, what measures did Dai Zhou suggest that Emperor Taizong take? What is the basis? (6

Measures: The state will set up warehouses to hoard disaster relief food. (3 points) Basis: The grain collected by the state every year can only meet the needs of normal years, but cannot cope with famine years. (3 points)

(2) According to the second material and the knowledge learned, this paper analyzes the reasons why Kangxi was able to "worry about the lack of national economy". By comparing the above materials, the similarities in guiding ideology of solving social problems between Emperor Taizong and Kangxi are summarized. (9 points)

(2) Reason: saving financial expenses; Social and economic development is rapid. (6 points) Similar: Be prepared for danger in times of peace, nip in the bud. (3 points)

(3) Thinkers, who founded Confucianism, became the mainstream of China's traditional culture and penetrated into social order and personal behavior norms. Educators have laid the educational tradition in ancient China, and their educational thoughts have far-reaching influence. The political opinions of politicians and Confucius laid the theoretical foundation of traditional politics in China feudal society, and had a far-reaching impact on China and the world. (3 points) But he advocated maintaining the hierarchy of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was conservative to some extent. ( 1)

5. The material says, "Rich and available, although I am also a whip, how can I be available? Be good to me." "Eat food, drink water, bend your arms and pillow it, and enjoy it; Unjust letting wealth and fame drift by like clouds. " ..... Confucius said, "The benevolent (old aristocrats) are not rich, but the rich (new landlords and businessmen) are heartless".

(1) Summarize Confucius' economic proposition according to the material 1. Combined with the knowledge learned, this paper analyzes the economic background of Confucius' above thoughts. (4 points)

(1) Confucius did not oppose the pursuit of wealth, but believed that the pursuit of wealth should conform to the economic order and moral norms of slavery. (or a gentleman loves money well) (2 points) The slave economy gradually declined and the feudal economy rose. (2 points)

Material 2 Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said to him, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said to him, "Politicians are right. Who dares to be wrong under the handsome boy? " Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about politics. "If there is no way to kill people, there is a way. What? " Confucius said to him, "Why did an official kill his son? Children are better and people are better. Gentlemen are virtuous, villains are virtuous, and the wind on the grass will be suppressed. "

-from the Analects of Confucius? Yan Yuan "

(2) Summarize Confucius' thoughts according to the materials. (4 points)

(2) Confucius advocated "benevolence" and "courtesy"; It advocates "orderly hierarchy and low hierarchy" and "ruling the country by virtue", and opposes tyranny and arbitrary punishment and killing. (4 points)

It is expected that Confucius will be respected as the leader in the third five years. ..... and the leader is not enough to be Confucius. The influence of a leader is limited to his followers ... For example, people in China who haven't read Confucius' books are all within the scope of Confucius ... I will respect Confucius with educators. ..... and educators are not enough to be Confucius. The principles and methods of educators can only be applied to one era and one society, while Confucius' education is universally applicable. I will respect Confucius with politicians. ..... and politicians are not enough to be Confucius. It's only one country that eats politicians' meals ... but for a hundred years, and Confucius' politics at that time could be good for China at that time and China since 2000. -Excerpt from Liang Qichao's Great Men in the World

Material 4: Confucius' journey spread to all directions, east longitude, Korea and Japan. South is popular in Annan (that is, Vietnam) ... Confucius' way is also very popular in Europe and America. Scholars in Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Italy and Austria are enthusiastic about studying Confucius, and they are getting stronger every year ... As far as the world is concerned, the value of The Analects of Confucius has already competed with the New Testament. -Excerpt from "A Hundred Schools of Thought Contend" presented by Geelong on the island of [Japan].

(3) According to materials III and IV, combine what you have learned and talk about your understanding of Confucius. (4 points)

6. Plato and Aristotle, the western sages, both attached importance to education, leaving an admirable and thought-provoking story about the relationship between teachers and students. Read the following materials:

Material 1 In Akkademi College, Aristotle read widely, showed amazing curiosity and showed extraordinary talent in various disciplines. Plato once said that ordinary students constitute the body of the academy, while Aristotle represents the mind of the academy. ..... When Aristotle was attacked by his classmates, Plato always stood up and said, "Aristotle, a pony, needs a reins, not a cage." Comments on Chinese and foreign figures II. It's best to discuss universal goodness first and see where the dispute lies. Although this discussion is a bit awkward, because idealism was put forward by people we respect. But as a philosopher, a better choice should be to stick to the truth at the expense of personal friendship, both of which we cherish, but the responsibility of human beings requires us to respect the truth more. -Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics

Please answer:

(1) What does the material 1 explain Plato's basic attitude towards Aristotle?

(2) According to the second material, it summarizes Aristotle's attitude towards teachers and lists relevant historical facts to illustrate it. What inspiration did you get from it? (3) Like Plato, Aristotle attached great importance to education. What achievements has he made in education?

(1) Plato valued Aristotle; Understand his characteristics, give protection and tolerance, and guide him correctly at the same time.

(2) Attitude: Aristotle respects the teacher but does not blindly follow, and dares to pursue the truth. (or I love my teacher, I love the truth more) Description: I think the biggest weakness of Plato's view of teachers is that he does not recognize the authenticity of the real world; Affirming that the world is real is the source of human cognition and comes from the feeling of external things. Enlightenment: We should not only treat teachers as good teachers and friends, but also think independently and be good at innovation. (3) Establishing Lv Keang Academy; Its teaching method is called "Minstrel".

7. In the long river of human social development, there are countless outstanding figures who have influenced the course of historical development with their thoughts and actions. The following is the "Comments on Outstanding Chinese and Foreign People" information card in the editor. Please refer to the examples to supplement the relevant content.

event

Jing Qing

Limitation of the main contribution of the background of the times

The rule of chastity in the heyday of feudal society in Tang Taizong, Sui and early Tang Dynasty: the foreign policy of promoting national unity and development and opening up was extravagant in his later years.

Kangxi consolidated national unity and safeguarded national sovereignty in the late feudal society in the early Qing Dynasty.

Cromwell's British bourgeois revolution won the civil war, established the Republic, consolidated the revolutionary achievements, went to Ireland and Scotland, took office in lord protector, and practiced military dictatorship.

Napoleon's French Revolution stabilized the order, promulgated a code, opposed foreign interference to restore the monarchy, implemented bourgeois military dictatorship, and later launched a war of aggression.

8.(08 Jiangsu) Read the following materials:

Material 1. For a long time, the military, political circles and most citizens regarded the first ruling hero of the Italian War and the Egyptian War as an idol, hoping that he would have a title consistent with his fame and the greatness of France. ..... Everyone thinks it is natural that he has the title of supreme head of state, because he actually played such a role. ..... If the emperor usurped the golden throne, then we can say that there are more accomplices around him than all tyrants who are good at directing tragedies, because three-quarters of the French people participated in his conspiracy. -[France] konstanz's "Memories of Napoleon" Second, Europe generally believes that governing the country by the people themselves will only lead to anarchy and chaos in the world. But in any case, Washington did not follow the trend at that time to add another crown to the world. However, there will be another president in this world, which will make the crown dull and even difficult to wear. -Chen Sen's "Washington-The Father of America"

Please answer: (1) According to the material 1, summarize the factors that contributed to Napoleon's proclaimed himself emperor.

(2) Material 2 shows that Washington refused to be king. What are the personal reasons? However, some people think that Washington actually has the conditions to be king. Please explain it with your knowledge. (3) How do you understand that "the world will become dim and even difficult to wear a stable crown because of the addition of a president" in Material 2? (4) According to the above materials and the knowledge you have learned, please talk about the factors that affect the choice of political system in a specific historical period.

8.( 1) Napoleon's foreign wars won him high prestige; The support of most French people for Napoleon.

(2) Washington has a strong ideology (opposing feudal autocracy), and Washington is not greedy for power; Washington won personal prestige by leading the American War of Independence, and some officers in the continental army demanded that Washington be king. (3) The United States established a * * * political system (democratic system), which impacted the monarchy in Europe and even the world. (4) Personal qualities, specific national conditions, times, historical traditions, etc.

9. Read the following materials:

Materials 1 Li Shizhen formally practiced medicine with his father at the age of 24, and studied medical books while studying medicine. He found many shortcomings and mistakes in medical books of past dynasties, and decided to rearrange and supplement them to write a relatively perfect medical book. ..... He went deep into the people and asked farmers, fishermen, woodcutters and hunters; He went to Wudang Mountain in Hubei, Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi, Maoshan Mountain in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan and other places to collect medicinal samples, taste medicinal materials and identify their properties. After 27 years of hard work, he finally wrote a masterpiece of pharmacology-Compendium of Materia Medica at the age of 6 1 year. Material 2 At the Vienna Conference of the World Peace Council in 195 1, Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty in China, as the only medical scientist, was included in the first list of world cultural celebrities and was admired by people all over the world. Russian people have great respect for this scientist, and the marble statue of Li Shizhen has been embedded in the gallery of Moscow University Auditorium. Joseph Needham, the most authoritative historian of science in this century and a famous sinologist in Britain, also spoke highly of Li Shizhen's achievements in the history of science and technology in China. He said: "The great scientific achievement of the Ming Dynasty was Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, which reached the peak of his herbal works ..."

Material 3

Newton is conducting an optical experiment. Einstein's Nobel Prize certificate.

Material 4 A French physicist once commented on Einstein: "Einstein will be at the forefront of physicists in our time. He is, and will be, one of the brightest stars in the human universe. In my opinion, he may be greater than Newton because his contribution to science has entered the structure of the basic essence of human thought more deeply. "

Please answer:

(1) According to the material 1, explain why Li Shizhen wrote Compendium of Materia Medica. How did you write Compendium of Materia Medica? 2'(2) How to understand Needham's evaluation of Li Shizhen based on what he has learned? What do you think are the reasons why Li Shizhen successfully wrote Compendium of Materia Medica? 3'(3) Combined with the third material and the knowledge learned, it is pointed out whether Newton's scientific research method is the same as that of Li Shizhen, and what is the result? 3′

(4) Why is Einstein greater than Newton in Material 4? 2′

9.( 1) Reason: There are many defects in the pharmaceutical works of past dynasties. In order to correct the mistakes in previous medical books and provide reliable basis and guidance for doctors to treat diseases and use drugs.

What happened: Li Shizhen studied hard, and after 27 years of hard work, he finished this masterpiece.

(2) Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica is a valuable legacy of ancient Chinese medicine and botany, and his idea of classifying drugs step by step according to their natural properties is one of the important sources of modern biological taxonomy.

Reasons: family background, diligent study, field investigation and perseverance.

(3) different. Newton carried out scientific experiments and mathematical calculus and became the founder of the theoretical system of classical physics; Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica only solved the problem of application. (4) The establishment of special relativity changed the space-time view of Newtonian mechanics, revealed the relativity of matter and energy, and laid the foundation for the utilization of atomic energy, which was a great revolution in the field of modern physics.

10, read the material and answer questions (10)

Just as Darwin discovered the development law of the organic world, Marx discovered the development law of human history, which is a simple fact that has been concealed by lush and complicated ideology: people must have food, drink, shelter and clothing before they can engage in politics, science, art, religion and so on. Therefore, the direct production of material means of subsistence, and thus the economic development of a nation or an era to a certain stage, is based on components; People's national system, legal views, art and even religious ideas are all developed on this basis. Therefore, it must also be explained on this basis, rather than doing the opposite as in the past.

Not only that, Marx also discovered the modern capitalist mode of production and the special movement law of bourgeois society. ……

It is enough to make such discoveries twice in a person's life, and even if there is such a discovery once, it is already happy. But Marx made unique discoveries in every field he studied (even in the field of mathematics). There are many such fields, and he has not studied any of them superficially. -Engels' speech at Marx's tomb

Please answer:

(1) What are the two major discoveries in Marx's life mentioned in the materials? In which two books are these two discoveries systematically discussed? (6 points)

(1) the general law of the development of human history; The law of economic movement in modern capitalist society. German Ideology and Capital Theory

(2) What is Marx's greatest contribution to human history? (2 points)

Marxism

(3) What should we learn from Marx today? (2 points)

We should learn from Marx's spirit of studying hard, thinking hard, studying hard and exploring bravely. Learn from his lofty ideals and ambitions, and learn from his noble character of striving for the happiness of all mankind. (reasonable)

1 1. (Taizhou 07 ~ 08 next final exam) (12 points) Comments on Chinese and foreign historical figures Read the following graphic materials and answer the following related questions:

As we have seen, the first step of the workers' revolution is to transform the proletariat into the ruling class and win democracy. ..... The proletariat will seize all the capital of the bourgeoisie step by step with its own political rule, and concentrate all the production tools in the hands of the state, that is, organize the proletariat into the ruling class and improve the total productivity as soon as possible. "

-"* * * manufacturer's statement"

Material 2

Figure 1 Figure 2

Material 3: "Planned economy is not equal to socialism, and capitalism also has plans; The market economy is not equal to capitalism, and socialism also has a market. " "Multi-planning or multi-market is not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism, but both are economic means." -Deng Xiaoping Southern dialect.

Please answer:

(1) According to the material 1, what is the historical task of the proletariat pointed out in the Proclamation of the Production Party? (2 points)

(2) Reading materials 2. How did the characters in figure 1 accomplish the historical mission of the proletariat? What outstanding contributions have the characters in Figure 2 made in exploring the road of socialist construction? (4 points)

(3) According to the third material and the knowledge learned, summarize the basic ideas of Deng Xiaoping's speech and point out its influence. (3 points) On the issue of economic development, what are the similar developments and breakthroughs between the figure 1 characters and their views on Ma and En? ( 1)

(4) Please point out the consistency of the above characters' understanding of the essence of socialism. (2 points)

1 1, refer to the answer:

(1) task: (proletarian revolution) seize political power (establish proletarian dictatorship); (socialist revolution) changing the private ownership of the means of production into public ownership; Develop productive forces (economy). (2 points)

(2) Lenin: led the October Revolution to victory and established the Soviet regime; Implement the wartime production policy and consolidate the Soviet regime; The implementation of the new economic policy, economic recovery, and the consolidation of the workers' and peasants' alliance. (2 points)

Mao Zedong: Implementing three major changes and establishing a socialist system. (2 points)

(3) "Planning" and "market" are both means, not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism (socialism can also use the market economy system) (2 points) Impact: It has laid the theoretical foundation for the socialist market economy. (1) (on the premise that the proletarian countries have mastered the economic lifeline) develop the economy by using the commodity-currency relationship and market mechanism. ( 1)

(4) The essence of socialism: liberating and developing (socialist) productive forces. (2 points)