Kine3D- 1 is an advanced construction tool, which aims to test all possible mathematical relationships between horizons and faults of the current geometric figure, so as to correct the geometric figure without restoring it or restoring it in advance.
It is important to remember that when there is an error in geometry, it is meaningless to use solid to reduce the volume. In 2D mode, errors will soon lead to discontinuities in fault geometry, which is easy to explain. In 3D, the geometry of the block will cause extra stress: if the volume is too large, it will compress and it will expand to fill the gap. Even if the overall geometry looks real, the resulting stress and strain fields are wrong, because the imposed boundary conditions may cover up the problem.
To avoid this, you need to:
Structural geology describes the geometric relationship between geological features. However, seismic data are recorded in time. Because of the time-depth conversion, explorers sometimes work in time. )。 If the three coordinates are not in the same depth system, then the tools developed with Kine3D and the recovery process will be meaningless.
In SKUA GOCAD, you can manipulate an object in both time domain and depth domain in a project. Using Kine3D, even if you have doubts about the interpretation of the results, you can use some tools flexibly on time objects (for example, building a fault three-dimensional network). In this case, a constant speed of 2 kilometers per second is used to convert the vertical axis of time into depth. This can ensure that the fault has the correct azimuth and approximate dip angle.
You can also use Kine3D- 1 to create complex 3D models in areas with partial 3D datasets. You can also check the consistency of this model from the perspective of structure and strain.
The following topics focus on workflows for merging new data, creating models, and checking their consistency. The available functions of geological interpretation discipline are summarized, including the additional components of well correlation and stratigraphic analysis and three additional components of Kine3D, namely structural analysis (Kine3D- 1), 2D reduction (Kine3D-2) and 3D reduction (Kine3D-3). Please refer to the introduction of geological interpretation.
With Kine3D- 1, you can use new data, such as digital elevation model (DEM) and inclination. You can use this tool in 3D network mode to locate 2D data in 3D environment and display the data in a new way.
DEM is a high-precision commonly used data type, and its model has a wide range of sources. For example, the DEM of land data currently shows an error of less than 20 meters. Because of the need for high resolution and data range, seabed data sets are usually modeled with structures similar to 2D grid objects, which have very large grids (more than several million points). Therefore, Kine3D- 1 uses brighter DEM objects instead of 2D meshes. The display speed of DEM is much faster than that of grid, and it can be easily imported from common commercial formats. In addition, the high precision of DEM makes the visual relief effect reach the resolution required to merge surface data into 3D model.
You can use images such as geological maps or satellite images to texture DEM. You need to do this at the graphic style level of DEM. If you want to project multiple images at the same point, you can choose a hierarchy. For example, various maps overlap in some areas. You need to load the corresponding images as Voxet first, then resize the images and find them if necessary.
You can refer to the following (link to be updated):
To project a curve on a DEM, use the Project Curve command (Kine3D- 1 command, DEM tools menu). Regardless of the display resolution when data processing is completed, projection or digitization should use complete data accuracy. You can use this command to extract the terrain above the seismic line, which must be interpreted (see figure 1).
DEM is hard data; The only allowed change is that you can reverse the Z axis, because sometimes the positive and negative vertical axes are loaded incorrectly. To reverse the z axis, use the flip z command (Kine3D- 1 command, DEM tools menu).
You can use specific tools to quickly import images as data in the process of building 3D models. These images may be seismic images, old data (or scanned images in literature) or cross sections (old interpretations, models or scanned images completed by others). Figure 2 shows an example. You need to import these types of data as voxels first, and then use the Adjust 2D Voxel command (Kine3D- 1 command, surface tools menu).
Research before 2D may build profiles and maps, and you may want to merge them into a 3D model. Using Kine3D- 1 can quickly locate and shape a group of points and curves that were originally on the same plane. Transformations are globally defined and then applied to each element.
Using the Adjust Point Sets and Curves command, you can locate an outline in three-dimensional space, which is initially located at 0 in the horizontal coordinate system. If necessary, you can choose to save a copy of the initial point set and curve.
First, you need to merge these data into points and lines (by using the command accessed from the Import submenu of the File menu). Then, use the Adjust Point Set and Curve command to adjust and locate the data.
Usually, the dip values representing faults and strata are measured in the field. With Kine3D- 1, you can use these values in research and use them to constrain the construction of surfaces.
Fig. 3 shows an example in which an outcrop can measure the dip value. In addition to the exact position of the measured dip and azimuth, you can also specify the influence area of azimuth, dip and normal data. In the example, the affected areas are the regional distribution of fault plane (left) and the size of monoclinic layer (right).
Construction modeling workflow is the main workflow used to build surfaces in SKUA GOCAD. Combined with this workflow, the tools provided in Kine3D- 1 can be used to create missing parts of the model and correct surfaces.
When the 3D data set cannot cover all the areas of interest, you can use the Kine3D- 1 tool to do this. This often happens in places like Zagros, the Canadian Rockies or the Andes. In the case of more data, you can also use the Kine3D- 1 tool to improve the surface quality (flatness and fault).
The tools in Kine3D- 1 are designed to make use of geologists' knowledge about geological types and formation deformation patterns. These tools are decisive. In short, these tools are equivalent to 2D and 3D extensions of simple workflow for geologists before drawing profiles. Check the following:
As mentioned earlier, the geological background and rheology have an influence on the deformation mode, as well as on the upper and lower layers and fault geometry. These relations can be used for two main deformation modes of 2D: simple shearing and bending sliding.
Restoration helps to highlight inconsistencies, and you can also see many inconsistencies directly on the current geometry. Kine3D- 1 enables you to check the quality of the initial interpretation according to the restoration principle without calculating the initial geometry.
Similarly, in 3D, deformation, shortening or extension should be similar in areas that have experienced the same geological history.
Values that allow you to easily test consistency are:
In the process of tension or compression, the old stratigraphic sequence experienced the same deformation. This means that the elongation or shortening parallel to the principal strain direction (common thrust belt and rift) is almost constant. In addition, you may be well aware of the principal strain direction of regional structures, but the principal deformation direction of a structure is likely to be discontinuous. Using Kine3D- 1, the principal strain direction of each layer or structure can be calculated, and then the deformation evolution in a given direction (usually the maximum direction) can be calculated.
To calculate the principal strain direction, use the "wrap around points" command (Kine3D- 1, strain analysis menu). The program calculates the deformation in all directions and saves two vectors for each layer, corresponding to the maximum and minimum strain directions respectively. Compression is represented as a negative value (given as a percentage of shortening), while expansion is represented as a positive value. For more information, see Calculating Deformation Around Points.
To calculate the deformation in a given direction (along the structural direction), use the "along the direction" command (Kine3D- 1 command, Strain Analysis menu). For more information, refer to Calculating Deformation in One Direction.
To calculate the shortening or extension between two points, use the command between two points (Kine3D- 1 command, strain analysis menu). For more information, refer to Calculating the Deformation between Two Points. Is the given value the curve distance, absolute length and relative change (ratio) between two selected points projected on the surface? These values will appear in the message of the view.
If a fault occurs and slides after the layer is deposited, the thickness of the layer will not change between the upper wall and the lower wall. Therefore, by studying the thickness map and the thickness variation on both sides of the fault, the consistency of interpretation can be checked and the activity of the fault can be indicated. To calculate the thickness map, use the Calculate Thickness Map command (Kine3D- 1 command, thickness menu). For more information, see Calculating the thickness map between two horizons.