Unit 1 Population and Geographical Environment

Section 1 Population Growth and Population Problems

Knowledge Point —— Historical Track of World Population Growth

1. In the early days of human society-before the industrial revolution, the population growth was very slow.

2. After the industrial revolution, the world population growth rate accelerated. .

After the Second World War, the population of the world, especially that of developing countries, increased rapidly. Some people exclaim that mankind has entered the era of "population explosion".

Knowledge point 2 population growth model

1, the meaning of population growth model: also known as population transition model, it reflects the law that the birth rate, mortality rate and natural growth rate of different countries and regions change with the changes of social and economic conditions.

2. Significance of population growth model: The model divides the population growth of countries and regions into several different stages, reflecting the process of population growth from high birth rate, high mortality rate and low natural growth rate to low birth rate, low mortality rate and low natural growth rate.

3. Several different stages and main features of the population growth model:

Main characteristics of model development stage

The birth rate and death rate in the first stage of high and low primitive growth stage, that is, the agricultural society period, are relatively high, the natural growth rate is low and fluctuates greatly, and the population growth is in a relatively static or low-speed growth state. The average life expectancy of the population is relatively short.

In the second stage of high and low accelerated growth, that is, the initial stage of industrialization, the birth rate remained at a high level, but the mortality rate dropped rapidly, which made the natural population growth rate increase and the population increase sharply. The average life expectancy of the population has also increased accordingly.

In the third stage, the high and low growth slowed down, the birth rate began to decline, and the mortality rate continued to decline and reached a low level. As the gap between the two gradually narrowed, the natural growth rate gradually decreased, and the population growth platform began to decrease. The average life expectancy of the population continues to increase.

Low-low-low growth stage

In the fourth stage, the birth rate further decreased, the gap between birth rate and death rate further narrowed, and the natural growth rate was very low. Some countries even began to experience zero or negative population growth. The average life expectancy of the population has been further extended.

Knowledge point 3: Population problems in various countries

1, the world's outstanding population problems: population growth is too fast, the number is too large and the age structure of the population is seriously unbalanced.

2. The world population growth is extremely unbalanced.

(1) Population Problems, Impacts and Measures in Developing Countries

① Problems: The birth rate is high, the natural growth is fast, and the proportion of children aged 0 ~ 14 is too large.

(2) Impact: A. Rapid population growth will increase the pressure on economy, employment, resources and environment, resulting in a decrease in accumulation, a decrease in the speed of economic development, a slow rise or even a decline in people's living standards, which will make poor countries that have not solved the problem of food and clothing even poorer, and will also be detrimental to improving the quality of the population. B The proportion of teenagers and children is too large, which causes great inertia of population growth and is not conducive to solving problems such as population, economy, education, employment and environment.

③ Measures: Implement the family planning policy.

(2) Population problems, impacts and measures to be taken in developed countries.

① Population problem: slow population growth and aging population.

② Impact: insufficient labor force, overburdened young adults, etc.

③ Measures: Encourage childbearing and accept overseas immigrants.

Section 2 Population Migration and Population Mobility

Knowledge point-population migration

1, the concept of population migration: refers to the phenomenon that people move out or move in between regions, resulting in permanent or long-term changes in their residence.

2, the development and characteristics of population migration:

(1) In the early days of human society, natural conditions were the most important factor of population migration.

(2) After the geographical discovery from the end of15 to the beginning of 1 6, the mainstream moved from "old continent" to "new continent" and from developed regions to underdeveloped regions.

(3) After the Second World War, the proportion of permanent immigrants decreased obviously, and the forms of immigrants became more diversified.

First of all, political international population migration has increased dramatically. Secondly, the flow of international population migration has changed greatly. Third, the emergence of new cities has caused a constant influx of people. Fourth, the development of emerging industries such as tourism has caused population migration.

Knowledge point 2 Population mobility

1, the meaning of population mobility: refers to the phenomenon of population mobility that temporarily or short-term leaves the original residence to go out for activities without changing the household registration due to reasons such as work, study, travel and visiting relatives.

2. The intensity of population mobility mainly depends on the level of economic and cultural development.

3. Migration and migration are two basic forms of population mobility.

4. Population flow in China: A large number of rural surplus labor force flocked to urban development, especially to large and medium-sized coastal cities, forming a "migrant worker flow".

The growth of floating population is the inevitable product of the development of market economy.

6, the role of population mobility:

(1) Enhance social vitality.

(2) To a certain extent, it puts pressure on traffic, cities and social and economic order, and brings social security management problems.

Knowledge Point 3 Motivation and Effect of Population Mobility

1. Motivation of population migration: Population migration is the result of various thrusts and pulls.

(1) The main reason is the difference of economic development level among regions.

(2) The distance between the place of emigration and the place of emigration, national policies and cultural background also have an important influence on population migration.

2, the impact of population mobility:

(1) has various impacts on the environment.

(2) It has a far-reaching impact on social economy: it promotes the integration of races and nationalities and economic and cultural exchanges.

The establishment of a number of countries with immigrants as the main body has obviously changed the world population distribution.

② Promoted economic development.

③ Promoted cultural exchange, integration and development.

(4) Promote the exchange of national genes.

Section 3 Population Distribution and Reasonable Population Capacity

Knowledge points-world population distribution

1, population distribution measurement index: population density. However, in two areas with the same El density, the population distribution pattern is different.

2. World population distribution: The world population distribution is very uneven.

Knowledge point 2 Geographical factors affecting population distribution

1. Natural environmental factors: the most basic factors, mainly including topography, climate, water resources, soil and mineral resources.

2. Socio-economic factors: mainly including the level of productivity development, mode of production activities, traffic conditions and cultural and educational conditions. Among them, the level of productivity development has the most significant impact on population distribution.

3. Political and cultural factors: Sometimes the population distribution can even change in a short time. In addition, religious beliefs, cultural customs, the level of scientific and technological development, the government's population and development policies and historical factors also have an impact on population distribution.

Knowledge point 3 Population distribution in China

1, population and population density of China.

(1) Quantity:1.29.5 million, accounting for about 2 1% of the world population.

(2) Density: The average population per square kilometer exceeds 1 30, making it one of the countries with high population density in the world.

2. Reasons and characteristics of population distribution in China.

(1) Reason: Due to the huge differences in resources and environment, the geographical distribution of population in China is unbalanced.

(2) Features: ① The most striking features are: the eastern region has a large population, while the western region has a small population;

② Coastal, riverside and lakeside plain areas have a large population, while inland arid mountainous areas and plateau areas have a small population;

③ Areas with developed economy and convenient transportation have a large population, while areas with backward economy and blocked traffic have a small population;

④ The areas where the Han population is concentrated have a large population, while most ethnic minority areas have a small population.

Knowledge point 4: Seek reasonable capacity for everyone.

1, the concept and expression of environmental population capacity

(1) Concept: A country or region can make use of local resources such as energy, knowledge, technology and other conditions in the foreseeable period to ensure that its material living standard conforms to its social and cultural norms and can continuously support the population.

(2) Environmental population capacity: the maximum population negative load that natural resources and environment can bear. Environmental population capacity is a warning value.

2. Factors affecting the environmental population capacity

Such as: the richness of resources, the level of science and technology, the level of economic development, the education level and consumption level of the population. In addition, it is also related to the technical level, resource base and environmental change trend.

3. Characteristics of environmental population capacity

(1) Not sure. It is not a specific and definite numerical value, but a numerical range or an estimated value.

(2) In a certain historical stage, the living consumption level has not changed much, and the environmental population capacity is relatively certain.

4. Reasonable population capacity of China.

According to the geographical situation of China, we firmly implement the basic national policy of "controlling population and improving population quality" to coordinate population growth with resource utilization and environmental protection. The main distribution law not only cultivates the ability of reading pictures and analyzing problems, but also lays a knowledge foundation for exploring reasons.

Unit 2 City and Geographical Environment

Section 1 Urban Development and Urbanization

Knowledge Point —— The Origin and Development of a City

1, the origin of the city

Cities are the product of the development of social productive forces to a certain stage. The origin of cities is closely related to the development of productive forces, social division of labor and the emergence of social organizations.

2. Urban development

The development of world cities has roughly gone through three stages.

(1)1Before the industrial revolution in the 8th century, the number of cities was small, the scale was small, the functions were simple, most of them were political functions, and cities and villages were relatively independent.

(2) After the industrial revolution, the number, scale and functions of cities increased, cities became the center of regional economy, and the gap between urban and rural areas gradually widened.

(3) After the Second World War, cities developed rapidly, and megacities, megacities and specialized cities appeared.

Knowledge point 2 Urbanization and its characteristics

1, the concept of urbanization: generally refers to the process of transforming agricultural population into non-agricultural population, rural areas into cities, and agricultural activities into non-agricultural activities.

2. The main manifestations of urbanization are the increase of urban population, the increase of the proportion of urban population to the total population and the expansion of urban land use scale.

3. The main index to measure the urbanization level of a country or region is usually the proportion of urban population to the total population.

4. The formation of urbanization

Urbanization is the inevitable result of social and economic development, including not only the changes in material form, but also the changes in residents' lifestyles and concepts.

5. Characteristics of urbanization

(1) The urbanization process has been greatly accelerated.

(2) The number of big cities is increasing rapidly, and megalopolis appears.

(3) The urbanization difference between developed and developing countries has increased.

Knowledge point 3: the influence of urbanization on geographical environment

1. Advantages of urbanization

Urbanization is the progress of human society, and it is also the basic measure and effective way for the country to realize rational land use, land conservation and farmland protection in economic and social development.

2. The influence of urbanization on geographical environment.

(1) leads to a large amount of land being occupied and the cultivated land area being reduced.

(2) The city and its surrounding areas are short of water.

(3) In some cities, over-exploitation of groundwater leads to land subsidence, or seawater intrusion leads to deterioration of groundwater quality and other ecological and environmental problems.

(4) Urban environmental pollution, traffic congestion, housing shortage, employment difficulties and social disorder are becoming increasingly serious.

Section 2 Urban Location and Urban System

Knowledge Point-Location Choice of Cities

1, the concept of urban location: refers to the place occupied by the city.

2. Urban location factors: Urban location is closely related to the natural environment and socio-economic environment.

(1) natural factors

① River: providing water for the city.

② Climate: Most cities are located in areas with suitable temperature and moderate precipitation.

(3) Topography and geology: The plain area has flat terrain and convenient transportation.

(4) Mineral resources: In resource-rich areas, industry and mining have developed rapidly, the concentration of human resources has been further strengthened, and many emerging industrial and mining cities have emerged.

(2) socio-economic factors

It mainly includes urban traffic location, economic base, mode of production, political and cultural history, etc. With the development of the times, the influence of military and religious factors has weakened, while the influence of science and technology and tourism has increased, while the influence of politics and transportation has always been enormous.

Knowledge point 2 Urban system

1, the role of cities

As the core of a region, cities play a leading role in regional development. It is not only a regional management center and service center, but also a growth center of regional economy.

2. Urban activities: divided into two parts, one part mainly serves the city itself (such as houses, kindergartens, primary schools, etc.). ); The other part mainly serves areas outside the city itself (such as universities, large industrial bases, national scientific research institutes, etc.). ), this is the basic activity of the city and the main driving force of urban development.

3. The basis of the formation of urban system: the relationship between cities and their hinterland and other cities.

4. The concept of urban system: refers to the organic whole formed by the interaction and mutual influence of cities with different scales, grades and functions within a certain area.

5. The content and function of Crystal's central place theory.

(1) Content: The relationship between the number, scale and grade of cities and urban service centers in the region is systematically expounded.

(2) Function: It has been successfully applied to regional planning, urban construction and commercial network layout.

Knowledge point 3: Case analysis of urban functions in the Yangtze River Delta region

At present, the Yangtze River Delta with Shanghai as the core has formed a multi-level urban system with its own characteristics, including megacities, big cities, small and medium-sized cities and small towns.

1. Shanghai is the largest city and economic center in China and the core city in the Yangtze River Delta. As a regional economic center, Shanghai has advanced functions that secondary centers and ordinary cities do not have.

2. Nanjing and Hangzhou rank second in economic development level and comprehensive strength of cities, and they are sub-central cities in this region.

3. Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Ningbo and other cities belong to the third level, and their manufacturing functions are more prominent, which is greatly influenced by Shanghai.

4. Zhenjiang, Yangzhou and Nantong. They are all sub-municipal cities, and their radiation scope is mainly limited to most towns and villages in the city.

Section 3 Urban Spatial Structure

Knowledge points-urban functional areas

1, forming an urban functional area.

All activities in the city need to occupy a certain amount of land, and there must be competition among them, which leads to a high concentration of similar activities in space and forms a functional area of the city.

2. Major urban functional areas

(1) Residential area: it provides a place for urban residents to recuperate and is the most basic functional area of the city.

(2) Industrial areas: generally distributed in the periphery of the city and along the main traffic lines.

(3) Business district: It is composed of commercial streets and various shopping malls, mostly in blocks or strips, mostly distributed in the city center and on both sides of streets with convenient transportation. The business districts of small and medium-sized cities are mostly located in the city center, while big cities often have multiple business districts.

3. Composition of urban functional areas

Residential area, commercial area and industrial area are the main functional areas of the city, which are owned by all kinds of cities. There is no clear boundary between functional areas. A functional area often focuses on a certain function and may have other functions.

Knowledge point 2: the causes of urban functional zoning

The formation of urban functional areas is influenced by many factors.

1, historical factor: it is the basis of urban functional zoning.

(1) The present situation of urban land use largely determines the present situation of urban functional zoning.

(2) Urban functional zoning is a dynamic process, not a static one.

2. Economic factors: It has a significant impact on urban functional differentiation.

(1) Due to different geographical location and traffic accessibility, the land price or rent level is also different.

(2) The competitiveness of commercial, industrial and residential land is different, which is mainly manifested in the ability to pay land rent, that is, the difference in the ability to pay land rent. Generally speaking, in the city center with the highest rent and the area with the second highest rent, both the ability to pay the rent and the rent are considered.

Road intersection, forming a business district; Form residential areas on both sides of roads with high land rent; Other places with low land rent often form industrial zones.

3. Social factors: mainly affect the differentiation of residential areas.

Differences in occupation, income level, nationality and religious belief often affect people's choice of living area.

4. Policies also play an important role in the formation of urban functional areas.

Knowledge point 3: the influence of regional culture on cities

The cultural, religious and social concepts in different regions affect the regional form and spatial structure of the city. Urban architectural landscape and pattern often reflect the influence of regional culture on the city.

1. In the urban architectural landscape, the most obvious feature is the height of the building.

2. The urban pattern of some cities after planning, whether it is the monomer and combination of buildings or the whole urban road system, reflects its unique style and significance.

3. The city and the environment coordinate with each other and often form a unique style.

Unit 3 Industrial Activities and Geographical Environment

Section 1 Agricultural Production and Geographical Environment

Knowledge points 1 factors affecting agricultural location

1, the concept of agricultural production

Agriculture is a material production activity that human beings use the growth and reproduction of animals and plants to obtain products.

2. The salient features of agricultural production: regionality, seasonality and periodicity.

3. Factors affecting agricultural location

(1) The main factors affecting agricultural location are natural conditions, socio-economic conditions and agricultural technical conditions.

(2) In different historical stages, the dominant factors affecting agricultural location are different. In ancient times, the level of productivity was low, and natural factors had the greatest influence on agricultural location.

(3) With the progress of society, socio-economic conditions and agricultural technology conditions have more and more prominent influence on agricultural location.

(4) Agricultural policies also have a great influence on agricultural production.

Knowledge Point 2 Regional Agricultural Types

1, the formation of agricultural regional types

There are great differences in natural and socio-economic conditions around the world, and the modes and types of agricultural production have their own characteristics, forming different types of agricultural regions.

2. The concept of agricultural regional type: refers to the relatively stable, stereotyped and regional agricultural production type formed in a certain region, which is the product of long-term historical development.

3. Tropical migration agriculture

(1) The concept of migrant agriculture: it is a primitive agricultural regional type with uncertain land and residence.

(2) The distribution, population and activity scope of immigrant agriculture are mainly distributed in the sparsely populated tropical forests and their marginal areas in the Amazon basin in South America and the Congo basin in Africa. Proportion of the engaged population to the total population of the world

About 5%. However, its range of activities occupies the total land area of the world.

Approximately 1/4.

(3) Migration of agricultural production process and its impact on the environment.

Primitive tribes in tropical forests come to new plots, destroy forests, burn wasteland, dig pits and sow seeds, and wait for harvest. Within a year, soil fertility and crop yield have dropped sharply, so we have to choose new plots every two or three years. Migratory agriculture has caused damage to forests and land resources, and abandoned wasteland is generally difficult to restore the original appearance of forests and become secondary shrubs.

3. Rice planting

(1) Rice cultivation is mainly distributed in the plains and hilly areas of tropical, subtropical and temperate monsoon regions in Asia.

(2) The characteristics of rice planting itself

① Rice is a high-yield food crop that likes temperature and humidity.

② Rice planting is an intensive agriculture that requires a lot of labor and intensive cultivation.

(3) The characteristics and scale of rice cultivation in Asia.

The monsoon regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia are densely populated, with a long history and rich experience in rice cultivation and high yield per unit area. Mainly operated by farmers, the production scale is small, and the mechanization level and commodity rate are generally low. At present, rice production in Asia accounts for about 90% of the world's total output, and China is the country with the largest rice production in the world.

4. Mixed agriculture

(1) The concept of mixed agriculture: refers to comprehensive agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry.

(2) the distribution of mixed agriculture

Mainly distributed in Europe, North America, South Africa in Africa and Australia and New Zealand in Oceania. In addition, pond production in China's Pearl River Delta region also belongs to the category of mixed agriculture.

(3) Advantages of mixed agriculture in Australia: Generally, the mixed management mode of wheat planting and sheep feeding is adopted.

First, the farm forms a benign agricultural ecosystem.

Second, the two modes of production, planting and animal husbandry, facilitate the reasonable and effective arrangement of agricultural production activities.

Third, farmers' economic income is relatively stable.

Knowledge point 3 The influence of agricultural production on geographical environment

1. Impact of agricultural production intensity on geographical environment: If the intensity is kept reasonable, agricultural land and other resources can be used continuously for human beings. Otherwise, it may destroy the natural environment and cause problems such as land desertification, soil erosion and soil pollution.

2. The influence of the development of agricultural production on the geographical environment: it causes changes in natural vegetation, surface environment, surface radiation characteristics and natural carbon cycle.

3. Unreasonable agricultural production methods will bring adverse effects to the geographical environment.

4. The improvement of agricultural production technology has greatly increased crop yield, but it will also bring some negative effects to the ecological environment.

Section 2 Industrial Production and Geographical Environment

Knowledge point 1 factors affecting industrial location

1. Factors affecting industrial location: mainly land, raw materials, electricity, water, transportation, labor, market and government policies.

2. Development and change of industrial location: The dominant factors affecting industrial location are different in different periods.

(1) In the early stage of industrial development, raw materials and market factors are the most important factors affecting industrial location.

(2) With the development of social productive forces, the influence of raw materials on industrial location has gradually weakened, and the influence of social and economic factors such as transportation on industrial location has become more and more significant.

(3) With the progress of science and technology, the quality of labor force has become an important factor affecting industrial location, and a number of emerging industrial zones have been formed.

(4) Environmental standards have become an industrial location factor that cannot be ignored.

(5) The policy environment and cultural environment of a region also have a significant impact on industrial location.

Knowledge point 2 Formation of industrial regions

1, the formation of industrial zone

Due to industrial correlation and agglomeration effect, industrial production forms industrial areas in space.

2, the main way of industrial contact.

(1) industrial product linkage

(2) geographical and spatial relations

(3) Information connection

3. Industrial accumulation

(1) The concept of industrial agglomeration: Some factories with industrial ties often have close-range agglomeration.

(2) Reasons for industrial agglomeration: make full use of infrastructure, strengthen communication and cooperation with each other, and reduce transportation costs and energy consumption.

(3) The significance of industrial agglomeration: it can expand the overall production capacity, ultimately reduce production costs, improve profits and obtain economies of scale.

4. Reasons for industrial diffusion

(1) The industrial field is too concentrated, which leads to problems such as land shortage, insufficient water and electricity supply, traffic congestion and difficulties in raw materials and fuel.

(2) The progress of modern transportation, the establishment of EHV long-distance transmission system and the rapid development of information technology.

5, the relationship between industrial agglomeration and diffusion

Industrial agglomeration and diffusion exist in comparison and develop in opposition: generally speaking, in the early and middle stages of industrialization, it is manifested in the spatial concentration of manpower, material resources and financial resources; By the late stage of industrialization, most regional industries were dispersed, that is, they spread to areas with backward industrial base.

Knowledge point 3: the influence of industrial production on geographical environment

1, industrial production has created enormous social wealth, greatly changed human production and lifestyle, and profoundly affected the relationship between people and the environment.

2. With the general development of industries all over the world, industrial production has more and more influence on the geographical environment. On the one hand, the contradiction between the demand for raw materials in industrial production and the limited resources and energy in nature is more and more prominent; On the other hand, the unreasonable utilization of resources and energy will also cause serious industrial pollution such as acid rain and directly destroy the environment.

3. Preventing and controlling environmental pollution caused by industrial production has become an important content to coordinate the relationship between human beings and geographical environment.

Section 3 Tourism and Geographical Environment

Knowledge points 1 travel

1, the concept of tourism

Tourism is an economic industry with strong culture. Mainly use scenic spots, cultural relics, customs and other tourism resources and various tourist facilities to provide services for tourists and obtain economic benefits. It is a cross-industry, inter-departmental and inter-regional comprehensive industry including politics, economy, culture, science and technology and education.

2. Characteristics of tourism: Tourism is based on tourism resources, characterized by selling labor services and providing services to obtain income, and has regional, seasonal and comprehensive characteristics.

3. The economic significance of developing tourism.

(1) Developing international tourism can increase foreign exchange income and promote the balance of international payments;

(2) The development of tourism in Kuang can stimulate the demand for fees and accelerate the circulation of money.

(3) Tourism has promoted and prospered the economic development of tourist destinations, attracted foreign investment in tourist areas and opened up markets in backward areas. (4) Tourism is a labor-intensive industry. Reasonable development of tourism can expand employment opportunities, adjust and optimize industrial structure, and promote the development of related industries.

Knowledge point 2 Geographical factors affecting the development of tourism

1. Natural geographical environment: Tourism activities are obviously restricted by natural geographical environment, with regional differences and seasonal changes.

2. Regional economic development level and market distance

3. The value of tourism resources: first of all, it is reflected in the quality of resources, that is, whether the scenic spots in tourist attractions have high aesthetic value or historical and cultural value.

4. Location of tourist destination and accessibility of traffic: The traffic condition of tourist destination directly affects the development value of tourism resources.

5. Reception capacity and environmental carrying capacity of tourist destinations.

6. Stabilize the social environment and promote the development of tourism.

Knowledge point 3: the influence of tourism development on geographical environment

1, geographical and environmental problems caused by tourism

Tourism is by no means a "pollution-free industry", it will also produce various pollutants, which will have an impact on the geographical environment of tourist destinations, and its solution is no less difficult than the general environmental pollution problem.

2. Measures to control environmental problems in tourist areas

(1) For tourist areas with natural landscapes, while controlling pollutants such as domestic sewage and garbage, it is necessary to strengthen the work of closing hillsides for afforestation, conserving water sources and protecting landscape ecosystems.

(2) For the landscape of ancient buildings, the original appearance should be maintained, and the cultural relics and historic sites should be restored as "diseases like IH". The relationship between the expansion and new construction and the original cultural relics and historic sites should be carefully handled, and the style and scale should be coordinated with the environment of tourist areas.

Unit 4 Regional Relations of Human Activities

Section 1 Main ways of regional contact of human activities

Knowledge points 1 traffic

1, characteristics of transportation

Transportation is a special production department. It does not produce material products, nor does it change the natural attributes and properties of the transported goods, but is only the main means to realize the displacement of people and materials.

2. Development and change of transportation mode

Human beings have developed from hand-carried shoulders and livestock packs to five modern modes of transportation, such as railways, highways, waterways, aviation and pipelines.

3. The basic requirements of the national economy for transportation: large volume, low transportation cost, fast operation speed and strong continuity.

4, the choice of transportation mode

(1) Various modes of transportation have their own advantages and disadvantages, so the appropriate mode of transportation should be selected according to the nature and volume of the transported object.

(2) Strengthen the cooperation among various modes of transportation to realize reasonable transportation.

5. Formation and function of traffic network.

Various traffic routes are intertwined with various traffic stations, forming various forms and different levels of traffic networks, which make people's production activities, trade exchanges and social exchanges more convenient.

6, the development direction of transportation

In today's world, transportation is developing in the direction of high speed, large scale, specialization and networking.

Knowledge point 2 communication

1, the concept and classification of communication

Communication is the main means to realize information transmission. It is a form of human social communication and plays a role in contacting and coordinating society. Generally it can be divided into postal communication and telecommunication communication.

2. Postal communication

(1) main task: deliver letters and parcels by means of transportation.

(2) The composition of postal network: it is a mail delivery system composed of post offices and postal routes. Postal routes mainly use railway, highway, waterway, aviation and other transportation routes.

(3) Influencing factors of postal communication: Sometimes it is affected by terrain obstacles and natural disasters such as typhoons, rainstorms and floods.

3. Telecommunication

(1) Main tasks: transmit symbols, characters, images and languages through wired electricity, radio and light.

(2) Telecommunication transmission mode and influencing factors: Telecommunication uses radio waves to transmit information. Terrain obstacle, solar activity, etc. Sometimes it will affect the quality of communication.

(3) Function: It has greatly promoted the information exchange between regions and greatly changed people's lifestyles.