No matter what the content is, just saying its author is enough to shock and admire people. The writer is Steven, a professor at Cambridge University. Mr hawking. He is a quantum physicist with only three fingers moving all over his body. It was with these three fingers that he wrote one book after another with the mouse. A Brief History of Time is his masterpiece.
The first chapter of "The Universe in the Shell" mainly introduces general relativity and special relativity, and how Einstein made further thinking and research on their basis, and also expounds Hawking's own views.
The second chapter talks about a hypothesis. The author assumes that time has a shape, and verifies that this assumption is consistent with relativity through quantum formula.
In the third chapter, the author is explaining the universe.
He believes that the universe has many heavy histories, and each history can be composed of tiny particles; The fourth chapter tells a prediction. Mr. Hawking predicted that in a state of supergravity (such as a black hole), time is curved, so how can we lower ourselves to adapt to the future? In the last two chapters, the possibility of traveling in time and space as creatures and our relationship with the universe are drawn up by using various conditions in the universe, and assumptions such as whether the place where we live is empty are also put forward.
The content of this book gave me a great shock. I won't be confused when I encounter other strange problems after reading it.
I am a liberal arts student. I haven't been exposed to physics since the second year of high school, and the mathematics I have been exposed to since then is very simple. But I just like reading popular science works. Maybe it's a little confusing, something like Tao Yuanming's Little Knowledge? Or maybe, that kind of eyes are full of knowledge points, which meets my inner need of "opening books is beneficial"?
Anyway, this is the second time I have picked up the universe in my shell. Does the vast universe have boundaries? Where did it come from and where will it go? Everyone who looks up at the starry sky alone on a summer night has thought about this question. Hawking is undoubtedly the most likely person to answer this question in modern times. His writing style is quite good, so his fame, to a great extent, comes not from his academic achievements but from his popular science works. Wu's translation is also very good, basically without damaging the charm of the original. Unfortunately, I really can only understand this metaphor. Hehe, understanding metaphor is enough. No one asked readers to test Hawking's conclusion again with mathematics. He said that "bubble" is mathematically equivalent to "movie", and the probability of going back to the past is close to zero. I want it all. Mass bending time and space, quantum uncertainty principle, historical summation of the universe, hairy black holes, closed time loop and superstring theory. He took me to so many scientific virgin lands and showed them to me one by one like a tour guide. I don't understand his language. I have made so many wonderful illustrations. ...
For me, Hawking is like Hamlet. "Even if I am locked in a shell, I still think I am the king of infinite space."
In recent years, I feel that I have read less books and people are a little impetuous. A few days ago, after discussing with my son, the whole family launched the "Happy Bookworm" program. In this atmosphere, I carefully read the universe in the shell written by Mr. Hawking. This book is divided into seven chapters: a brief history of relativity, the shape of time, the universe in the shell, predicting the future, guarding the past, our future, and the novel world of movies. Mainly talking about time, universe and space-time, it should be a book that is at the forefront of science. Unfortunately, I have read it for half a time, but I still can't understand many places, so I can't describe the content in detail. However, I think the real value of this book lies in its scientific spirit.
Perhaps the most important scientific spirit is freedom of thought. Some important scientific theories in this book are put forward on the basis of careful thinking, and then proved to be great truths through observation and experiment. Einstein was an ideological madman. He 1900 graduated from an ordinary industrial school and could not find a job for a time, but he published three papers in succession in the following five years, which established his position as a world-class scientist. Just five years after graduation, he has been unable to engage in too complicated experiments. I believe that he relies on tireless thinking, imaginative imagination and persistence in not blindly following "scientific authority". In this way, freedom and equality of thought are the key to academic innovation.
Although Mr Hawking has talked a lot about the concepts of time and space and new scientific terms, many of them are the results of several generations of scientists' research, and we should respect and recognize them. But this does not prevent us from developing our imagination. There is a view in the book that time will move from one singularity to the next, that is, an initial particle can expand into a universe, and then the universe may shrink into a particle again, creating time and space in the process of this movement. It seems to me that a pair of shadowless hands dominate everything. If it is a rule of heaven and earth, who made this rule, is it primitive or the so-called immortal bodhisattva? Scientific research is really endless, but as long as the world has a heart of exploration, the truth may be discovered bit by bit.
Nearly a hundred years is a great era of scientific and technological development. Many new things and new modes of production have been discovered and created, and people seem to be complacent. But just like the title of this book, we may just live in a universe similar to a shell, thinking that we are the king of space and the spirit of all things, but we don't know that we have been wandering inside the shell. When can we break through this shell, perhaps when science is highly developed, perhaps when the soul is redeemed.
The universe in the shell after reading model essay 4 read Hawking's "The Universe in the Shell" in one breath last night. Although I don't understand it, and I usually have to read it four or five times in the middle of a sentence, I still can't bear to put the book down.
After reading this book, I think it should be related to another book written by Hawking, The Origin and Destination of the Universe. Because theory of everything mentioned in The Origin and Destination of the Universe (combining all local theories into a "theory of everything", if found according to Hawking's words, it will be the end of theoretical physics and the ultimate victory of mankind) is the M theory mentioned in The Universe in the Shell (also called string theory). Among them, M theory includes 0- alien, type I, IIB, IIA, E- alien and 1 1 dimensional supergravity. There are 1 1 dimensional supergravity, p-film, M theory, quantum mechanics, general relativity, 10 dimensional film, superstring and black hole. The center of linking these things in M theory is the goal that needs to be found in today's research.
Hawking thinks that people live in the space of 10 or10/0, but people don't realize that the scale of the extra dimension is too small to reach Planck's scale (Planck appeared in two physics compulsory books of Grade One, the length of Planck is 10-33 cm, and the time of Planck is/.
It is generally believed that the universe is expanding, because the Doppler effect and microwave radiation received from the universe have confirmed this.
Hawking believes that the large extra dimension implies that we live in an embryonic world, a four-dimensional "surface" or "membrane" of high-dimensional space-time. Strong force, weak force and electromagnetic force will all be trapped in this embryo, so any physical problem that has nothing to do with gravity will be the same as 4-D space-time. Gravity will spread to the whole high-dimensional space. In other words, gravity may decrease with distance faster than previously estimated.
So the orbit of the planet will be unstable: the planet will either fall into the sun or escape from the sun into space. However, this effect will not happen if the extra dimension ends in another embryo not far from the embryo on which human beings depend. Then, for the distance beyond the separation of two embryos, gravity cannot spread freely like the electromagnetic force mentioned above, but is effectively confined within the embryo, and the decline rate is just suitable for the planetary orbit.
Hawking mentioned in The Origin and Destination of the Universe that the Milky Way is a rod-spinning galaxy. Stars rotate slowly around the center of the Milky Way for about 200 million years. If Kepler's law is applied, the speed of the peripheral stars should be slower than that near the center of the galaxy, but the observation results are different, and the speed of the stars in the whole galaxy is roughly the same. Therefore, astronomers believe that there are a lot of dark matter in the Milky Way, most of which are distributed outside the Milky Way, thus accelerating the movement of stars in this part of the region. The study of the motion of all galaxies in the cluster of galaxies also comes to the same conclusion.
Hawking believes that in the four-dimensional "membrane" world, human beings live in an embryo and there is another "shadow" embryo nearby. Because light is confined in one embryo and cannot spread to another, human beings can't see the shadow world. But humans will feel the gravitational influence of the matter in the shadow embryo. This kind of gravity will appear as a "dark" source in the embryonic world of human life. The only way to detect "shadow" embryos is through gravity.
Hawking said that strings, membranes and embryos "have quantum fluctuations like anything else in the universe." These quantum fluctuations make objects such as embryos spontaneously produce and disappear. This process is a bit like the formation of steam bubbles in boiling water. Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics leads to the birth of embryos from bubbles. If this four-dimensional bubble continues to grow, then people living on this bubble will feel that the universe is expanding.
According to Hawking's unbounded hypothesis (Hawking mentioned in The Origin and Destination of the Universe that the universe is finite and unbounded, just like the surface of the earth, which has only two dimensions, and the only condition of the boundary of the universe is that there is no boundary), the spontaneous creation of the embryonic world has a history of wasting time. In this history, the universe is like a shell: a four-dimensional sphere. Only the shell is empty, and the 4-dimensional shell in this embryo world image is full: the history of human life in virtual time is a 4-dimensional ball, which is the boundary of a 5-dimensional bubble, while the remaining 5 or 6 dimensions curl and roll very little.
According to Hawking's theory, the history of an embryo in virtual time will determine its development in real time. High-dimensional bubbles have the highest probability of producing a completely smooth spherical 4-dimensional "shell" in virtual time; However, this corresponds to an embryo that expands forever in real time. Galaxies cannot be formed in this embryonic world, so intelligent life will not appear. However, the probability of high-dimensional bubbles producing a slightly unsmooth and aspheric four-dimensional "shell" in virtual time is slightly lower, but it can correspond to the process of deceleration and expansion in real time (the embryo has an accelerated expansion-expansion stage at first, and then the expansion slows down). In this process of deceleration and expansion, galaxies may form and intelligent life may appear. Interestingly, these intelligent creatures will create a theory of the universe and realize that they are from a four-dimensional "movie" that is not so smooth and not so round.
After reading "The Universe in the Shell" and "The Origin and Destination of the Universe", I have a feeling. Humans are too small, put in the vast universe, only stay in the theoretical stage, and have no strength to practice at all. And some human beings who want to challenge nature and the universe are too arrogant and ridiculous? Although they can say that human ontology determines the universe, people all over the world are unconvinced without conclusive evidence. Creationism is even more impossible. Do they want to talk about their almighty god? Unfortunately, dear God is not omnipotent. Can he make a stone that he can't lift?
I decided to review these two books when I was in college. At that time, I will definitely understand them more deeply and feel them more deeply!