Papers often refer to articles used to conduct scientific research and describe scientific research results, which are referred to as papers for short. It is not only a means to discuss problems in scientific research, but also a tool to describe scientific research achievements for academic exchange. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, achievement papers, etc. , collectively referred to as the paper. The paper format refers to the stylistic requirements and writing standards when writing a paper. Intuitively speaking, the paper format means that the paper meets the standard style and content requirements that can be made public. A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable. The composition order of the paper is: title, author, abstract, keywords, English title, English abstract, English keywords, text, references, appendix and thanks.

1. Title Description

The title should be concise, specific and accurate, which can summarize the specific content of the paper, help to select keywords, and conform to the relevant principles of compiling title catalogue, indexing and retrieval.

2. Propositional method

Concise and to the point.

3. Precautions for English titles

(1) English titles mainly appear in the form of phrases, especially noun phrases, that is, titles basically consist of one or several nouns plus their prepositions and/or postattributes; The title of phrase type should determine the head word and then modify it before and after. The order of each word is very important, and improper word order will lead to inaccurate expression. (2) Generally don't use declarative sentences, because the title mainly plays a marking role, and declarative sentences are easy to make the title judgmental, not refined and not eye-catching. In a few cases (critical, comprehensive and refuting), the question can be used as the title, because the question has an exploratory tone and is easy to arouse the reader's interest. The English title and Chinese title of the same paper should be consistent in content, but it does not mean that the words should correspond to each other. In many cases, individual non-material words can be omitted or changed. ④ Foreign sci-tech journals generally have restrictions on the number of words in titles, and some stipulate that titles should not exceed 2 lines, and each line should not exceed 42 printed symbols and spaces; Some require that the title should not exceed 14 words. These regulations can be used for our reference. ⑤ In the English title of the paper. Don't use anything that can or can't be used.

1. Specification of the author's signature

The author's signature is placed under the title, or the author of the group author can be marked in the footer of the first page. Sometimes, the author's name can also be marked at the end of the article. For example: Wang Jun 1, Zhang Hong 2, Liuli 1. Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University100875; 2. Physics Department of Beijing Institute of Education 1000 1 1)

2. Matters needing attention in translating the names of authors and their units

① The name of the translation unit should not be abbreviated, but should be capitalized, and the address and postal code should be attached to ensure convenient contact. ② The names of translation units should be translated uniformly. (3) The author's name is spelled in Chinese Pinyin, with a space in the middle after the surname, and all the letters of the surname are capitalized, and the surname is combined; The first letter of the first name is a capital letter, and a hyphen is added between the two names. The last name and the first name are not abbreviated. For example: Li Hua (Li Hua), Zhang Xi-He (Xihe Zhang) and Zhuge Ying (Zhuge Ying).

A table of contents is a short list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)

Edit the summary of this paragraph (executive summary)

Abstract is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short, concise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words. With the rapid development of computer technology and Internet, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of scientific and technological information retrieval. For all kinds of full-text databases or abstract databases on the Internet, abstract index is an important tool for readers to retrieve documents, which provides convenience for the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological information literature retrieval databases. It is a comprehensive introduction to the paper, so that people can understand the main contents of the paper. After the paper is published, the abstract can be directly used by abstract magazines or various databases without modification or slight modification, so that readers can know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the title, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and even mistakes that may occur when others compile the abstract. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of papers.

Description of 1. abstract

It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay, which can be quoted and popularized.

2. Matters needing attention in writing abstract

① Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title, avoid writing the contents of the introduction into the abstract, don't copy the subtitle (table of contents) in the text of the paper or the text of the conclusion part of the paper, and don't interpret the content of the paper. (2) Try to use written narrative, and don't list the data in the paper in the abstract; The words should be concise, exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field, and delete meaningless or unnecessary words; The content shall not be demonstrated, not exemplified, and the research process shall not be introduced; The content of the abstract must be complete, and the main contents (or opinions) expounded in the paper can not be omitted, but should be written into short articles that can be used independently. Generally, it is not segmented, and continuous writing is prohibited. The statement should be objective, and it is not suitable for subjective evaluation of the research process, methods and achievements, nor for comparative explanation with other people's research.

3. Matters needing attention in writing English abstracts

The above precautions in writing Chinese abstracts are all applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own expressions and language habits, so special attention should be paid when writing English abstracts.

Edit the keywords (keywords) in this paragraph.

Keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract". Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, we should analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation. (See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).

1. Keyword description

Keywords are words or phrases that reflect the theme of the paper, usually arranged under the abstract, and the font size is different from the text. Generally, each article can choose 3~8 keywords, and multiple keywords are separated by semicolons, which are arranged from big to small according to the extension (conceptual scope) level of the entry. Keywords are generally noun words or phrases, and in some cases there are verb words or phrases. English keywords corresponding to Chinese keywords should be marked. Chinese comes first, foreign language comes last. Chinese keywords are marked with "keywords:" or "[keywords]"; English keywords are marked with "keywords:". Key words should be selected from the National Standard Chinese Thesaurus as far as possible; Important terms and names of new disciplines, regions, people and documents that are not included in the glossary can also be used as keywords. Keywords should be general technical terms that can cover the main content of the paper.

2. Method of selecting keywords

The general selection method of keywords is: after the author finishes writing the paper, he selects from its title, hierarchical title and text (high frequency and key words).

Edit the text of this paper.

general idea

⑴ Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme. (2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents: a. Asking questions-arguments; B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments; C. solving problems-demonstrating methods and steps; D. conclusion. In order to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several small logical segments, and a small logical segment can contain one or several natural segments, so that the text forms several levels. The level of the paper should not be too much, generally not more than five levels.

ask

Taking the graduation thesis as an example, this paper explains the typesetting format of the text: ① There are two blank lines between the text and "keywords"; (2) The Chinese text adopts Song Ti No.4; Times New Roman 12 is used for the English text, No.4 for the bold title in Chinese and No.4 for English, with two spaces at the beginning of each paragraph, 1.5 times the line spacing; ③ The levels between paragraphs should be clear, and the use of title numbers should be standardized. The graduation design of science and engineering majors can determine the specific serial number and level requirements according to the actual situation; (4) Writing requirements: the writing is fluent, the language is fluent, there are no typos, and there are no questions and remarks that violate political principles. Manuscripts should be printed by computer; ⑤ Chart requirements: all charts, circuit diagrams, flow charts, program block diagrams, schematic diagrams, etc. It is not allowed to draw by hand, but must be drawn by computer or hand according to the work requirements stipulated by the state. The Chinese characters in the chart are in the shape of Xiao Wu Song. English is Times New Roman 10. 5; Chart numbers should be continuous, as shown in figure 1, figure 2, table 1, table 2, etc. The number of the diagram is placed at the bottom of the diagram, the number of the table is placed at the top of the table, and there can be no edges on the left and right sides of the table; ⑥ Words: generally not less than 1500 (according to the teacher's requirements); ⑦ Views and data cited in academic papers. Indicate the source and use endnotes.

Format requirement

[1] The manuscript is a word file (A4 pages) with unified typesetting. Page setup: paper type: A4 standard paper direction: vertical margin: left 3cm, 2.8cm pair; The top and bottom margins are the default values: top 2.54cm, bottom 2.54cm, header 1.5cm, footer 1.75cm format: text line spacing: (multiple line spacing) 1.25 times font size: Chinese and English title: No.3, Chinese and English content summary, keywords, references.

Thank you for editing this paragraph.

meaning

A scientific research achievement or technological innovation is often not accomplished by one person, but also needs the support and help of human, financial and material resources from all sides. Therefore, many papers have listed "thank you" at the end. I am mainly grateful for the help I got in the process of completing my thesis, which is a sign of humility and courtesy in academic circles.

Matters needing attention

As researchers, we should respect the expressions of units and individuals who have helped to form academic papers and affirm their role in the formation of academic papers. We should thank the following aspects: horizontal project contractors, enterprises, organizations or individuals that fund or support research; Organizations or individuals that assist in the completion of research work or provide convenient conditions; Someone who gives advice or help in research work; Owners of materials, pictures, documents, research ideas and ideas that have the right to reprint and quote; Other organizations or individuals that should be thanked. But gratitude is not the same as reference and notes.

Edit this reference.

Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or cited in research and writing, and are listed at the end of the paper. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents". English: Title-Author-Publication Information (edition place, publishing house, publication date) English: Author-Title-Requirements for the references listed in the publication information are: (1) The listed references should be official publications for readers to verify. ⑵ The listed references shall be marked with serial number, title or article, author and published information. The functions of references are as follows: (1) Recording references can reflect the author's scientific attitude and the true and extensive scientific basis of the paper, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper. ⑵ Recording references can easily distinguish the author's achievements from those of predecessors. ⑶ Recording references can play the role of index. (4) Recording references helps to save the length of the paper. 5. Recording references is helpful for scientific and technological information personnel to carry out information research and abstract quantitative research.

Edit this paragraph comment.

Notes are different from references. References are the bibliography that the author refers to when writing, and are listed at the end of the article. Comment is the text that the author further explains or supplements a certain content in the text. It should not be included in the references at the end of the article, but should be placed under the page as a note, and the works mentioned in the note keep the usual format, such as: ① leaving two lines blank from the text; (2) Separate or merge comments according to the index number in the text; (3) "Notes" are in bold type No.5, and the contents of notes are in small song typeface No.5 in Japanese and Times New Roman No.9 in English. Specific requirements for English labeling: ① There should be quotation marks in the text, such as ××× [1]; (2) If the same work by the same author appears repeatedly, only the author's surname and the page number where the quotation is located shall be indicated (a comma shall be added between the surname and the page number); The format requirements are as follows: [1] (two spaces) author's name (first name, last name, followed by an English period), title (italicized, followed by an English period), place of publication (followed by a colon), publisher or publisher (followed by a comma), date of publication (followed by a comma) and page number (followed by a comma). [2] (two spaces) Author's name (first name, last name, followed by English period), article title (article title is caused by "") (one space) followed by magazine name (italics, followed by comma), volume number (issue number), publication year, page number and English period.

Edit other format requirements of this paragraph.

Differences between "Notes" and "References" in Papers

1. "Note" refers to the author's further explanation of what he wants to express. The text is marked with code ①, and the contents of comments are uniformly placed at the end of the text, and the serial number at the end of the text corresponds to the serial number in the text one by one. 2. "Reference" refers to the source indicated in the author's citation, which should be placed at the end of the text, with the serial number in the text as [1], and the document description should be placed at the end of the text uniformly, and the serial number at the end of the text corresponds to the serial number in the text one by one. The page number is placed after the serial number in the text, for example: [1](P 12). 3. "Citation" also refers to the meaning of quoting other people's works and papers, although it does not directly quote others' words. The serial number [1] should be set in the paragraph or at the end of the paragraph, and indicated at the end of the text. There is no need to separate this item from the second item, just cross-sort. The serial number at the end of the text corresponds to the serial number in the text. In this case, the page number can be omitted. 4. The same reference has been cited many times, and only one serial number is marked at the end of the article. The same serial number should appear many times in the article, and brackets should be placed after the serial number of the article to indicate the different page numbers or titles of the cited documents.

Format of references at the end of the article

1. Author of book [serial number]. Title [ID]. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication. [1] Zhang Zhijian. Research on Yan Fu's Thought [M]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 1989. [2] The Complete Works of Marx and Engels (p. 65438 +) 2. The original author translated [serial number] country name or region (in brackets). Title [ID]. Translation. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication. (English) Elizabeth Sexual psychology [M]. Pan Guangdan translation. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1997. For example, in the article, "... Confucius is independent of Guo Dongmen." [1] (Historical Records Confucius Family) 4. Prose collection editor [serial number]. Title [ID]. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication. [1] Wu Yifu. Selected western papers (Volume II) [c]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979. The author of one of the documents [serial number] is specially marked in the collection of papers. Title of the document [A]. The editor of this collection of essays. The title of the prose collection [c]. Place of publication: publishing unit and year of publication. Belinsky. On Russian novellas and the novellas of Nicola Nikolai Gogol [a]. 1979.5. Journal article author [serial number]. Title [ID]. Title, year, (period). Ye Lang. The significance of a dream of red mansions [J]. Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 1989, [2] Publication date (Edition). [1] Xie Xide. Create new learning ideas. People's Daily, 1998- 12-25 ⑽. 7. Foreign documents require foreign documents to express as much information as Chinese documents, but the document type identification code can be omitted. Mansfield, R.S. & Booth. Psychology of Creation and Discovery, China. [2] Setrnberg, R.T. The Essence of Creativity, new york: Cambridge University Press, 1988. [3] Yong, L.S. Management of creative talents. Journal of Creative Behavior,1994,28 (1). Note: 1. Foreign documents must be in the original language, and foreign languages cannot be described in Chinese, such as "Oxford University Press". 2. English book titles and magazine titles are marked in italics or underlined.

Reference type identification

Monograph M paper C newspaper article N periodical article J dissertation D report R standard S patent P precipitation article A unspecified document type Z electronic document: database DB computer program CP electronic announcement EB electronic document carrier: magnetic tape MT disk DK CD online network OL stands for: online journal [J/OL] Online database [DB/OL] CD book [M/ CD] [EB/OL] is one of the carrier types and logos of non-paper carrier electronic documents. The format of carrier type and logo of electronic document is: [document type logo/carrier type logo]. [EB/OL] refers to online bulletin board system. Similarly: [DB/OL]- online database [DB/MT]- database on tape [M/CD]- monograph on CD [CP/DK]. -Computer program on disk [j/ol]- Serial Online [EB/ol]- bulletin board system Online Example: A. Principal of monographs, papers, dissertations and reports [serial number]. Title of the document [Document Type ID]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. [1] weeks. Interpretation of Zhouyi [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 1985.[2] Chen Song. Selected works on the debate on cultural issues between the East and the West around the May 4th Movement [C]. Beijing: China society. 1985.[3] Chen. China historian culture and historical records [d]. Xi 'an: Institute of Literature, Shaanxi Normal University, 1992. [4] Bai Yongxiu, Liu Gan, Ren Baoping. Xi Research on the Cultivation and Development of Finance, Talents and Technology Markets [r].Xi An. 1998.b. Principal of periodical article [serial number]. File title [J]. Name, year and volume (issue) of the publication. [5] He Lingxiu. Read Gu Cheng's History of Nanming [J]. Historical Studies in China, 1998 (3). C. The precipitation document [serial number] in the collection is the person in charge of the precipitation document. Title of precipitation document [a]. Person in charge of the original document (optional). Title of original certificate [c]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. [6] Qu Qiubai. Modern civilization and socialism [a]. Luo Rongqu. 1990.d. Principal of newspaper article [serial number]. File title [n]. Name and publication date (edition) of the newspaper. [7] Xie Xide. New ideas of creative learning. People's Daily 198- 12-25 ⑽ standard name [s]. English (example): [0 1] Brown, H.D. Teaching principle: an interactive language teaching method [m]. Director prentiss Hall, 1994. Situational cognition and learning culture [J]. Educational researcher, 1, 1989. Chris, Didi. Evolution of Constructivism Learning Environment: Immersed in Distributed Virtual World [J]. Educational Technology, September to 10, 1995. [04] Hymes, D. On communicative competence [M]. Pride; J. Holmes (editor) Sociolinguistics Hammonds Voss: Penguin, 1972. [05] L.E. Salbo. Cross-cultural communication [M]. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Trading Book, 1988. [06] Bohr, A. Classroom evaluation [J]. English teaching forum, 1997. Jenny, Thomas. Cross-cultural pragmatic failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1983, (4): 91-1. [08] William Goody Kunst. Cross-cultural communication theory [M]. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Bar, 1983.

Time and number usage

Gregorian century, year, year, month, day, fraction, decimal, percentage, etc. Use Arabic numerals, and the year cannot be abbreviated, such as 96 and 97. All the days in a week are Chinese characters. The historical chronology of the Republic of China and Japan before Meiji was written in Chinese characters, with the year of AD and Arabic numerals indicated in brackets; The year of the Republic of China and the year after Meiji in Japan are Arabic numerals, and the year of AD is indicated in brackets, such as the 40th year of Qin Wengong (722 BC), the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948) and the 6th year of Showa (194 1 year). The approximate figures are in Chinese characters, such as "In the past 20 years of reform and opening up ……"; Integers are Arabic numerals, such as "50th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC)". The numbers of the cited ancient books are in Chinese characters, which are consistent with their versions, such as Xu Shen. Shuo Wen Jie Zi Nuo. [M]。 Four-part series, volume 6, page 9. The expression of foreigners' names in Volume 36 of Zhu Wen Official Documents When foreigners' names first appear in the paper, the foreign languages are indicated in brackets after the Chinese translation, such as contemporary economists Douglass C. North and Coase. Sociologist Charles Taylor; Octavio Paz, Mexican Nobel Prize in Literature winner and poet, was born in 199 1 year, etc. Famous figures in history, such as Marx, Lenin, Hegel, Kant, Russell, Dewey, etc. And politicians who often appear in the news today, such as Clinton, Blair, Bush, etc. No need to indicate the foreign language.

Chart format requirements

Charts should be arranged under the text cited at 1 time, and the charts in the text should be cited. When charts or tables cannot be arranged on this page, they should be arranged on the next page of this page. 1. Drawings include charts, structural diagrams, schematic diagrams, diagrams, block diagrams, flowcharts, records, layouts, maps, photos, plates, etc. Charts should be "self-explanatory", that is, only look at charts, titles and legends, and you can understand the meaning of charts without looking at the text. Figures are numbered in Arabic numerals, such as "Figure 1- 1" and "Figure 2-3", ..., while in English, "Figure 1- 1" and "Figure 2-3", ... are only one figure, which should still be marked. The title of the picture is in Chinese and English, so it should be clear and short. Chinese is bold with No.5 Song Style, English, numbers and letters are bold with No.5 Times New Roman Style, and there should be two spaces between the picture number and the picture title. The number and name of the drawing should be placed in the center of the bottom of the drawing, with Chinese at the top and English at the bottom. The Chinese in the drawing is Song Ti No.5, and the English, numbers and letters are Times New Roman ... The vertical and horizontal coordinates of the drawing must be marked with "quantity, standard symbol and unit", which can be omitted only when it is unnecessary to mark (such as dimensionless stiffness). ). The symbols and abbreviations of the quantities marked on the coordinates must be consistent with those in the text. Photos require a clear outline of the theme and main parts, which is convenient for plate making. If an enlarged copy is used, it must be clear and have a moderate contrast. There should be a scale to indicate the size of the object in the photo. 2. The arrangement of the table is generally that the content and test items are read horizontally from left to right, and the data are read vertically in order. The form should speak for itself. Table numbers use Arabic numerals, such as "Table 1- 1" and "Table 2-4", ..., while in English, "Table 1- 1", Table2-4 ",... has only one table and should still be marked as. The title of the form should be in Chinese and English, clear and short, with bold No.5 Song in Chinese, bold No.5 Silla in English, numbers and letters, and the number and title of the form should be blank in 2 boxes. The number and title of the table should be placed in the center at the top of the table, with Chinese at the top and English at the bottom. The words in the table are No.5 Song, and the numbers and letters are No.5 Times New Roman. If a table needs to be arranged page by page, the arrangement of the table should be repeated on subsequent pages. The numbers are followed by the table name (which can be omitted) and "(continued)", as shown in the following figure: Table 2- 1 Scheme 1 Comparison of experimental results with Scheme 2 (continued) The table header and the statement about the unit should be repeated in the continued table.