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Philosophical definition

Knowledge is the process of perceiving consciousness.

Definition of knowledge

What exactly is knowledge is still controversial. China's definition of knowledge is generally from a philosophical point of view. For example, the description of knowledge in the game Bible is "defining the entity and essence of all things as the right or wrong of knowledge." The entry about "knowledge" in China Encyclopedia of Education is as follows: "The so-called knowledge, as far as its content is concerned, is the attribute and connection of objective things and the reflection of the subjective image of the objective world in the human brain. As far as the form of activity is concerned, sometimes it is manifested as subjective perception or representation of things, which belongs to perceptual knowledge, and sometimes it is manifested as the concept or law of things, which belongs to rational knowledge. " From this definition, we can see that knowledge is the product of the unity of subject and object. It comes from the outside world, so knowledge is objective; However, knowledge itself is not an objective reality, but a reflection of the characteristics and connections of things in the human brain and a subjective representation of objective things. Knowledge is produced on the basis of the interaction between subject and object through the reflective activities of the human brain.

The above definition provides a philosophical basis for us to discuss the connotation of knowledge. The macroscopic understanding of philosophical reflection theory needs to be concretized from the perspective of individual cognition, so that it can be effectively used to guide the specific teaching of schools.

Knowledge classification

According to modern cognitive psychology, knowledge can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized knowledge can be divided into two categories, namely declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge.

1. declarative knowledge

Declarative knowledge is knowledge that describes the characteristics and relationships of objective things, also known as descriptive knowledge. Declarative knowledge mainly includes three different levels: symbolic representation, concept and proposition.

Symbolic representation is the simplest declarative knowledge. The so-called symbolic representation refers to the symbol that represents something. For example, the form of English words, numbers in mathematics, symbols in physical formulas, symbols of chemical elements, etc. What students learn is symbolic representation.

Concept is a reflection of the essential characteristics of a class of things and a complex declarative knowledge.

Proposition is the statement of the relationship between things and the most complicated declarative knowledge. Propositions can be divided into two categories: one is an unusual proposition, which only expresses the relationship between two or more special things. Another kind of proposition represents the relationship between several things or properties. This proposition is called generalization, such as "the diameter of a circle is twice its radius", and the multiple relationship here is universal.

2. Procedural knowledge

Procedural knowledge is a set of knowledge about the operation steps and processes of doing things, also known as operational knowledge. This kind of knowledge is mainly used to solve the problems of "what to do" and "how to do it", which can be used in operation and practice.

Strategic knowledge is a special procedural knowledge. It is knowledge about the methods and skills of cognitive activities. For example, "How to effectively remember?" "How to clarify the thinking direction of solving problems?" Wait a minute.

Different from philosophy, cognitive psychology studies knowledge from the perspectives of the source of knowledge, the generation process and manifestation of individual knowledge. For example, Piaget believes that experience (that is, knowledge) comes from the interaction between individuals and the environment. This kind of experience can be divided into two categories: one is physical experience, which comes from the outside world and is the understanding of objective things and their connections obtained by individuals acting on objects; The other is logic-mathematical experience, which comes from the actions of the subject and is the result of the individual's understanding of the coordination between actions. For example, children gain experience about quantity conservation by fiddling with objects, and students gain knowledge about mathematical principles through mathematical reasoning. Piaget's definition of knowledge is expressed from the generation process of individual knowledge. In the classification of educational objectives, Bloom thinks that knowledge is "the memory of specific things and universal principles, the memory of methods and processes, or the memory of models, structures or frameworks", which is a description of phenomena from the perspective of the contents contained in knowledge.

We believe that in understanding the meaning of knowledge, it is necessary to distinguish knowledge as the wealth of human society from knowledge as an individual's mind. The knowledge of human society exists objectively, but the knowledge in the individual's mind is not the objective reality itself, but a subjective representation of the individual, that is, the knowledge structure in the human brain, which includes not only feelings, perceptions and representations, but also concepts, propositions and schemas, respectively indicating the different breadth and depth of the individual's response to objective things, and is formed through the individual's cognitive activities. Generally speaking, individual knowledge is stored in the brain in the form of hierarchical network structure (cognitive structure) from concrete to abstract. Philosophy mainly studies the nature of common knowledge in human society, while psychology mainly studies the nature of individual knowledge.

Famous sayings about knowledge

Bacon: knowledge is power

Gorky: Take care of books. They are the source of knowledge.

Northcote: A learned man is a treasure house of knowledge, not a source.

If you don't absorb the light of knowledge, your mind will be shrouded in darkness.

Flex: A university is an institution that is consciously committed to pursuing knowledge, trying to solve difficult problems, evaluating people's achievements with a critical eye, and educating people with a really high level.

Chesterfield: When we are old, knowledge will be a comfortable and necessary place for us to retire. If we don't plant the tree of knowledge when we are young, there will be no place to enjoy the cool when we are old.

Song and Zhu: It's urgent, and it's not difficult to know. Do what you know and be fearless.

Ralph: The wisdom of a wise man is an unusual common sense.

Chesterfield: Reading can gain knowledge; But more useful knowledge about the world can only be obtained by studying all kinds of people.

Sai Johnson: Curiosity is the natural intention of human beings, and anyone with a sound mind will acquire knowledge by any means.

Engels: Complex labor includes the use of skills and knowledge, which require more or less effort, time and money.

Custer: The manager does not undertake the task of creating knowledge, but his task is to use knowledge effectively.

Riggs: The manager's management ability is his function in quality, knowledge and experience. These three factors interact to form a special management model.

Deng Xiaoping: We can't achieve modernization through empty talk. We must have knowledge and talent. How can you get along without knowledge and talent?

Kolmogorov: Science is the common wealth of mankind, and the task of real scientists is to enrich this treasure house of knowledge that all mankind can benefit from.

Herbert Spencer: Science is systematic knowledge.

Joseph Lu: Science is for studious people, and poetry is for learned people.

Holmes: Science is a partial anatomy of ignorance.

Schopenhauer: Extensive thoughts and knowledge without profound experience are just like a textbook with only two lines of text and 40 lines of notes on each page.

Lun Heng: A man with knowledge is powerful.

Practice is the mother of knowledge, and knowledge is the beacon of life.

Einstein: To learn knowledge, we should be good at thinking, thinking and thinking again.

Einstein: Knowledge cannot only come from experience, but only from rational invention and comparison of observed facts.

Knowledge economy (knowledge economy)

The era significance of mankind's entry into knowledge economy: knowledge economy is a sustainable economy whose economic growth depends directly on the production, dissemination and use of knowledge and information, with high-tech industry as the primary industrial pillar and intellectual resources as the primary support. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, knowledge economy is an economy with modern science and technology as its core and based on the production, storage, use and consumption of knowledge and information.

Ikujiro Nonaka believes that knowledge is a definite belief, which is created, organized and spread through the belief patterns and constraints of knowledge holders and recipients, and at the same time spreads a cultural system. Knowledge is obtained by changing, reconstructing and creating irrelevant or related information, and its connotation is broader, deeper and richer than data and information. This view emphasizes the relationship between knowledge and background, knowledge and information. He distinguished two forms of knowledge in Enterprise Creating Knowledge: tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. According to this classification, the first two kinds of knowledge are explicit knowledge, which can be obtained by reading materials or teaching materials, attending meetings, querying databases, etc., and this kind of knowledge can be informationized; The latter two kinds of knowledge belong to tacit knowledge, but more of them are tacit knowledge, which is difficult to quantify and informatization, and it is difficult to transfer through formal information channels. It is characterized by

(a) it is a kind of procedural knowledge, which is closely related to action;

(B) In daily life, tacit knowledge is useful and a tool for people to achieve value goals. The higher the target value, the more direct this knowledge supports to obtain the target, and the more useful this knowledge is;

(c) Tacit knowledge cannot be directly helped by others. It is usually acquired by oneself, which is unspeakable knowledge. Explicit tacit knowledge is a process of knowledge sharing.

Tacit knowledge generally has the following characteristics (Wang Xiuhong Han Guangping, 2004):

(1) Tacit knowledge has monopoly in application, which is manifested in two aspects. First, tacit knowledge belonging to one discipline is difficult to transfer to other disciplines unless it is learned; Second, tacit knowledge subjects will not actively transfer their tacit knowledge, especially tacit knowledge that can bring benefits to themselves, because these tacit knowledge are their long-term accumulated experience, perception and deep understanding of things, and they have invested huge costs and energy. Knowledge monopoly is the guarantee of investment cost and energy recovery.

(2) Tacit knowledge depends on its carrier. Tacit knowledge is different from other assets It depends on a certain carrier and can only play a role in a certain carrier. Moreover, the benefits of the same tacit knowledge on different carriers are different.

(3) Tacit knowledge is difficult to measure benefits. It is difficult for tacit knowledge subjects to grasp the actual benefits of their tacit knowledge, and they can only make subjective estimates according to their own environment. When an organization excavates tacit knowledge, it is also difficult to measure the benefits that tacit knowledge brings to the organization.

Ikujiro Nonaka and Takeuchi Hiroshi (199 1) also put forward a complete "knowledge creation" model-SECI model.

The difference and connection between data, information and knowledge (Michael Earle)

Data information knowledge

Content event trend expertise

Formal communication mode learning

Information task description operation coding

Methods of gaining experience in observation and judgment

The organization intends to automate decision-making actions.

The World Economic Cooperation Organization (OECD) divides knowledge into four categories in its annual report "Knowledge Economy" from 65438 to 0996:

(a) What do you know, mainly the knowledge of telling the facts;

(b) Know why, mainly about natural principles and laws;

(c) Expertise mainly refers to the skills and abilities of certain things;

(d) Knowledge-who means who knows and who knows how to do something.

Davenport & Prusak integrated the forms, components, main functions and storage subjects of knowledge, and described the definition of knowledge from the following aspects:

(1) the form of knowledge: knowledge is a fluid and dynamic mixture, which changes and updates at any time with stimulation and learning;

(2) Composition: including experience, values, situational information and professional insight;

(3) Main functions: providing a reference structure, evaluating and integrating the information and experience generated by new stimuli, forming a new structure, and guiding decision-making and behavior;

(4) Storage subject: It is produced and used by the mind of the knower. In an organization, knowledge exists not only in documents and knowledge bases, but also in daily work, process, practice and culture.

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37 1

References:

1. Lingbao Apple: /lbpg

2. Primitive Tribe: /ybwy6688

3. OECD Annual Report 1996 "Knowledge Economy"

4. Ikujiro Nonaka's "knowledge-creating enterprises"

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De trace _, jjxby, Ran Ying, n5 12756897, wangdong86 1 1, pkxu__, ybwy6688, Scud, Zhao Chenhao, my6777637.

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The definition of "knowledge" in Chinese-English Dictionary (source: Baidu Dictionary);

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