20 17 high-frequency test center for the theory of second-level psychological counselors: personality differences
Cognitive style difference
Cognitive style refers to the way people prefer to use to process information in the process of understanding things, phenomena or people, also known as cognitive style.
Main cognitive types:
Impulse and meditation
The characteristics of impulsive cognitive style: quick response, but poor accuracy. Information processing strategy is the whole processing mode. Exception: quickly correct cognitive style
The characteristics of reflective cognitive style: slow response, but high accuracy. Information processing strategy is a detailed processing mode. Exception: slow-incorrect cognitive style
Series type and simultaneous type
Das proposed. Individuals with left dominant brain show serial processing style when processing information; Individuals with right dominant brain show simultaneous processing style.
Characteristics of serial cognitive style: in the process of solving problems, the problems are analyzed step by step, and only one hypothesis or one attribute is considered in each step. After the first hypothesis is established, the second hypothesis is considered step by step, and the results of the problems are deduced one by one.
Characteristics of simultaneous cognitive style: in the process of solving problems, we can adopt a broad vision, consider various assumptions and consider all possibilities to solve problems.
Field independence and field dependence
Field independence is less dependent on external environment. When they process information, they seldom observe people's differences according to internal standards or internal references. This kind of person is called independence.
Field-dependent people depend on the external environment and always rely on the "field" to deal with problems. When dealing with information, they can refer to the outside world, and when interacting with others, they can also take into account the feelings of others. This kind of person is called field dependence.
Temperament difference
Temperament is what we usually call temperament. Temperament is a stable psychological feature, which is manifested in the intensity, speed, flexibility and direction of psychological activities.
People's temperament differences are innate, restricted by the characteristics of the nervous system activity process, and there is no difference between good and bad.
The theory of temperament originated from the theory of body fluid. Later, the Roman doctor Galen proposed four temperament types:
choleric temperament
Grumpy, emotional outburst is fast, but it is difficult to last; Energetic, enterprising, brave and decisive, enthusiastic and straightforward, simple and sincere.
plethora
Full of energy; Cute and cute; Emotional and exposed.
phlegm
Quiet and steady, taciturn, fond of meditation, dull expression, difficult to express emotions, but profound inner emotional experience; soft outside but firm inside―outwardly yielding but inwardly firm
Depressive substance
Emotional experience is profound, delicate and lasting, which dominates the depressed and sentimental mood.
Personality difference
Personality is a personality characteristic closely related to society, and many social and moral meanings are embedded in personality. Personality is gradually formed in the social environment and is the core personality difference of people. It is influenced by people's values, outlook on life and world view, so personality can be divided into good and bad, reflecting a certain class and morality.
Personality structure is divided into four aspects: attitude towards reality, will, emotion and reason.