2. Cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function.
3. The basic conditions provided by biosphere for living things are: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and certain living space.
4. Environmental factors affecting biological life can be divided into two categories: biological factors and abiotic factors.
5. The biosphere includes the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.
6. The composition of ecosystem includes biological part and abiotic part, in which the biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers; Abiotic parts, such as sunlight, air and water.
7. The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. Food chains are intertwined to form food webs. Matter and energy in the ecosystem flow along the food chain and food web.
8. The largest ecosystem is the biosphere.
9. Steps to use the microscope: take and put the mirror, aim at the light, observe and clean the mirror.
10, the eyepiece sees the inverted image; The magnification of microscope is the product of the magnification of objective lens and eyepiece. 10X30=300
1 1. When you see an object image in your field of vision, you should first move the object image to the lower left, and then move it to the center. The specimen moves to the upper right and the image seen in the field of vision moves to the lower left.
12, the glass slide says' up and down', and what you see in your field of vision is''. Method: Turn left (or right) 1800 on the paper that says "Up and Down".
13. Temporary attachment of epidermal cells of onion scales: preparation (washing and dripping); Make (tear off the inner epidermis and flatten it; Cover glass); Dyeing (dropping iodine solution and absorbing water)
14, dyeing: make the cell structure clearer, but affect the biological activity of living cells, even make them die; When observing living cells and their biological activities, they should not be stained.
15. Temporary patch of human oral epithelial cells:: Preparation (wipe clean and drop normal saline); Make (scratch a few times, smear; Cover glass); Dyeing (dropping iodine solution and absorbing water)
Compared with plant cells, animal cells have no cell walls, chloroplasts and vacuoles.
17. Cells are composed of inorganic substances (such as water, inorganic salts and oxygen) and organic substances (such as sugar, nucleic acid and protein).
18, the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances; Chloroplasts (in plants) and mitochondria (in animals and plants) are energy converters.
19, DNA is the main genetic material; Protein and DNA constitute chromosomes; DNA fragments with genetic effects are called genes.
20. Cells differentiate into tissues. Structural levels of human body: cells, tissues, organs, systems and human body. Plants are unsystematic.
2 1. virus is composed of protein's shell and internal genetic material, and usually turns into crystals when it leaves living cells.
22. Green plants can be divided into four categories: algae, mosses, ferns and seed plants (including angiosperms and gymnosperms).
23. Mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by a protein prion with structural changes.
24. Moss can be used as an indicator plant for monitoring air pollution.
25. Bean seeds consist of seed coat and embryo (radicle, hypocotyl, embryo and cotyledon). The structure of storing nutrients is cotyledons (two pieces), and embryos can develop into new plants. The bean paste we usually eat is mainly soybean cotyledons. Corn seeds consist of seed coat, embryo (radicle, hypocotyl, embryo and cotyledon) and endosperm. The structure for storing nutrients is endosperm with a cotyledon. The flour we usually eat mainly comes from the endosperm of wheat.
26. The environmental conditions for seed germination include certain moisture, sufficient air and suitable temperature.
27. In the process of seed germination, radicle is the first to break through the seed coat. Radicle develops into root, and embryo develops into stem and leaf.
28. The fastest growing part of the root is the elongation area of the root tip. On the one hand, the growth of roots depends on the division of meristem cells to increase the number, on the other hand, it depends on the increase of cell volume in elongation area.
29. The main part of root water absorption is the mature area of root tip, because there are a lot of root hairs in this area.
30. The channel for transporting water and inorganic salts in plants is a catheter; The channel for transporting organic matter is sieve tube.
3 1. The nutrients needed for crop growth include water, inorganic salts and organic matter (photosynthesis), among which inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are most needed. Under nitrogen deficiency, leaves turn yellow, plants are short and thin, and veins are light brown in severe cases; When phosphorus is deficient, the plants are particularly short, and the leaves are dark green and purple; When potassium is deficient, the stems are weak and the leaves are brown.
32. In the process of pistil development and seed formation, there are two important processes: pollination and fertilization. Ovary develops into fruit, ovary wall develops into fruit skin, ovule develops into seed, and fertilized egg develops into embryo.
Stomatal is the "gateway" of plant transpiration, the "window" of plant gas exchange, and a cavity surrounded by a pair of guard cells.
34. Under the condition of adequate nutrition supply, some sunflower fruits are still empty and shriveled. This is mainly caused by insufficient pollination. In order to reduce the number of withered seeds, artificial pollination can be used.
35. The stems of woody plants can grow thicker and thicker. Because there is cambium between xylem and phloem, it is necessary to ensure that the cambium of scion and rootstock is closely combined to survive when grafting.
36. 19 In 1930s, two German biologists, Schleiden and Wang Shi, jointly founded the cell theory, which Engels listed as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in 1960s +09.
Xiaoming is 5 cm taller this year than last year, which is related to cell division and growth.
38. Transpiration can drive plants to absorb and transport water and inorganic salts upwards, and can reduce the temperature of plants. Transpiration can increase atmospheric humidity and precipitation.
39. Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide+water-organic matter+oxygen (carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit from stomata, and water is absorbed by roots and transported to leaves through conduits).
40. Respiration: Organic matter+oxygen-carbon dioxide+water+energy (existing in mitochondria of animal and plant cells).
4 1. Green plants maintain the balance of carbon and oxygen in the biosphere through photosynthesis.
Leaves in cold boiled water, exposed to the sun, will not emit bubbles. The reason is that the boiled water lacks carbon dioxide and plants can't carry out photosynthesis.
42. A striking feature of adolescence is the sudden increase in height.
Darwin was the founder of evolution. He believes that the ancestors of humans and modern apes are forest apes.
44. Testicles produce sperm and secrete male hormones, while ovaries produce eggs and secrete female hormones.
45. The process in which the mature fetus and placenta are discharged from the mother's vagina is called delivery.
46. Sperm and egg cells combine in the fallopian tube to complete the fertilization process; Fetuses live in amniotic fluid and get nutrition and oxygen from their mothers through placenta and umbilical cord.
47. The specific requirements of family planning in China are late marriage, late childbearing, fewer children and better children, among which fewer children are the key to control the excessive population growth. .
48. Food contains six nutrients such as sugar, fat, protein, inorganic salts, water and vitamins.
49, vitamin A: night blindness, liver, carrots; Vitamin c: gum bleeding, scurvy; D: rickets, osteoporosis, liver and cod liver oil; B 1: beriberi, coarse grains; B2: angular stomatitis, coarse grains; Iron deficiency: anemia
50. The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands. The liver is the largest digestive gland, and the bile secreted has no digestive function, but it can emulsify fat. Starch is digested in the mouth, protein in the stomach and fat in the small intestine. Small intestinal juice and pancreatic juice can digest sugar, fat and protein.
5 1. The main organ for human body to absorb nutrition is the small intestine. There are many annular folds on the inner surface and many fluffy protrusions on the surface, which greatly increases its inner surface area.
52. The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs. The main organ of the respiratory system is the lung. People breathe about 16 times per minute.
53. When inhaling, the muscles and diaphragm between ribs contract: the ribs move upward and outward, the thorax expands laterally, and the left and right diameters of the thorax increase; The diaphragmatic roof descends, and the upper and lower diameters of the thorax increase, so that the thoracic volume increases, and the lungs expand, and the air pressure in the lungs is lower than the external air pressure, and gas is inhaled from the outside.
54. Both alveoli and capillaries consist of a flat layer of epithelial cells. When inhaling, the alveoli swell, and the oxygen in the air enters the blood through these two walls; At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood also enters the alveoli through these two walls.
55. The fundamental measure to prevent and control air pollution is to control pollutant emissions, and the effective measure is afforestation.
56. Oxygen is transported to tissues and cells of the whole body through blood circulation, and is finally used in this part of mitochondria in cells.
57. Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
58. After blood stratification, the upper layer is plasma, the lower layer is red blood cells, and the boundary between the two layers is white blood cells and platelets.
59. The main function of plasma is to carry blood cells and transport substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.
60, hemoglobin is a kind of iron-containing protein, red, easy to combine with oxygen in places with high oxygen content, easy to separate from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.
6 1, the muscle tissue of the heart is developed, so it can contract effectively. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle, because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to the whole body, while the right ventricle only needs to pump blood to the lungs.
62. Blood circulation and pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation transports nutrients and oxygen to tissues and cells, and takes away wastes; The blood in pulmonary circulation changes from venous blood to arterial blood.
63. Human ABO blood type divides blood into four types: A, B, AB and O. Blood transfusion should be based on the principle of importing the same type of blood; But sometimes people of any blood type can import a small amount of O blood.
64. Healthy adults donate 200-300ml of blood at a time, which will not affect their health.
65. Formation process of urine: ① When blood flows through the glomerulus, in addition to protein and macromolecules of blood cells, some substances in plasma, such as water, inorganic salts, urea, glucose, etc., are filtered through the glomerulus to form protourine; ② When the original urine flows through the renal tubules, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed into the blood, and the rest form urine. Glomerulus has filtration function and renal tubule has reabsorption function.
66. The significance of micturition lies in discharging wastes, regulating the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body and maintaining the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.
67. Causes of myopia: If the adjustment burden of the lens is too heavy, the lens becomes excessively convex and cannot be restored to its original state, or even the anterior and posterior diameter of the eyeball is too long, the object image formed by the light of distant objects will fall in front of the retina. The correction method is to wear concave lenses.
68. The "three essentials" to prevent myopia are: correct reading and writing posture, and the distance between eyes and books should be about 33 cm; After reading, watching TV or using the computer 1 hour, take a rest and overlook for a few minutes; Check your eyesight regularly and do eye exercises seriously.
69. The basic unit of the structure and function of the nervous system is neurons. The basic way of neuromodulation is reflex.
70. The nervous system consists of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (or: brain, spinal cord and its nerves).
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There are eight verb tenses in junior high school English review materials, some of which only require understanding and some require proficiency. At least five tenses, including the past continuous tense, are required to be skillfully used, and the examination method will certainly not appear in the independent form of a certain tense, but in the comprehensive use of tenses, paying special attention to the differences between various tenses. Find out the usage of different articles between them. Now take the article as an example: 1. John got an orange bag for his birthday, but he lost it just now. Ann, AB. a，c，a，d，n，2。 There is an old tree near the house. Alcoholic meeting, alcoholic meeting, alcoholic meeting, alcoholic meeting, alcoholic meeting, a 3. There is an 800-meter-long road behind the hospital. Lawyers, lawyers, lawyers, prosecutors, lawyers. _ _ _ _ _ _ She is a kind girl! What does this mean? _ _ _ _ _ _ Bad weather! I hope it won't last long. 6) how about a. B. _ _ _ _ _ _ They are listening to the teacher! From the above example, we can find that articles and interjections are mandatory. Similarly, the word order of object clauses, the case of pronouns, the consistency of subject and predicate, the collocation of verbs and prepositions, the comparison of synonyms and the use of idioms and modal verbs are all under investigation. All these basic knowledge of Chinese, I will analyze and discuss the typical test questions, show the difficulty and contrast layer by layer, and summarize them systematically. This is how to deal with the basic knowledge of Chinese, so what about other forms of the senior high school entrance examination with the ability test as the main purpose? Here we take cloze as an example: a poor farmer has never left his small village. After he had a lot of money, he refused to spend his holiday in an expensive hotel in a big city. On the first day the camel went there at lunch time, he went to the restaurant and ate his new clothes. The head waiter took him to the table, ordered his food and left. When he turned (5) the farmer again, he was already (6)! The farmer surrounded him with a tablecloth.
The head waiter told another waiter to find the farmer and told him that people do such things in his restaurant. So the waiter went to the farmer and said in a (10) voice, "Good morning, sir. Do you want a haircut? " 1. 10. d) A. lend. C.when d. because of 3. A is b, c is d, and at 4. C. show D. bring 5. 6) find out. A. Look at B. Rest C. Table cloth D. Surprise 7. A. arm B. neck C. hand D. head 8 Ask b, tell c, teach d, tell 9. A: No B: No C: No t d: No t 10 a: Friendly B: Tired C: Sad D: ter asks candidates to choose the correct answer from the options given, so that the completed essay is fluent in meaning and complete in structure. In this regard, candidates must consider the whole article and cannot follow the crowd. Then it is inevitable to lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another, and the meaning will be incoherent. At present, the completion of the senior high school entrance examination is still based on grammar, and it will turn to infer understanding according to the requirements of context in the change of examination questions year by year. When solving this kind of problems, we must master the "word meaning phenomenon" and pay attention to learn to distinguish "interference items". The so-called language sense, "language sense" refers to a feeling of words or word groups. I have a strong sense of language, so it is easy to find the relationship between words and situations when solving problems. Language sense refers not only to the subtle differences between words, but also to the collocation and combination of words. It emphasizes choosing the right words to make a logical judgment of the situation. At the same time, the other three options as interference items are excluded. Finally, if you repeat the whole text, you will have a fluent sense of language and clear meaning. The purpose of the example here is to explain that I have analyzed and discussed the test questions of the senior high school entrance examination, especially cloze and reading, from a higher perspective, so that students can get a more complete idea and method of solving problems. Vocabulary (1) This lecture mainly helps students to master the usage of nouns, articles and numerals, especially those aspects that are difficult for students to master. I. Nouns Regarding nouns, we must master the number and case of nouns. Singular numbers can be modified with a and an, and the words at the beginning of vowel pronunciation are preceded by an instead of a 1. Construction method of complex number: (1) Add s after general plural nouns, such as: dog-dogs. (2) nouns ending in s, x, ch and sh are added with es, such as watch-watches.
(3) For nouns ending in consonants and Y, change Y to I and es, such as country-countries. Please distinguish: if it is a noun ending in vowel and Y, just add S. For example, monkey-monkeys (4) For nouns ending in O, only potato, tomato and es form the plural. (5) For nouns ending in F and fe, change F and fe into V and add es, such as knife-knifes. 2. Words with the same singular and plural forms: sheep-sheep, fish-fish-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 3. The words with special changes are: (1) Tooth-Tooth, Foot-Foot (2) Male-Male, Female-Police-Police, French-French. Please distinguish: German (German)-German (3) Child-Child 4. Nouns that often appear in the plural form: people (people), clothes (clothes), pants (glasses), when these nouns are used as subjects, classmates. My clothes are newer than yours. Some nouns seem to be plural, but they are actually singular. It is difficult for students to master this point, so we should remember it in particular. Such as: news (news), mathematics (mathematics), physics (physics) No news is good news. 6. How many, many, several, several, some and many plural numbers can be used to modify countable nouns. How many are there in your pencil box? (knife) uncountable noun: 1 Common uncountable nouns are: water, rice, fish, meat and so on. Pay special attention to medicine, news, work, homework, housework, money, challenges, weather, cotton and wood. 2. Countless nouns have no plural and are usually regarded as singular subjects. For example, some bread _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is there. It's three. How much, how much, a little, a little, a lot, some, anything and so on. Often used to modify uncountable nouns. 4. A piece, a cup, etc. Often used to indicate the number of uncountable nouns. If you want to express the meaning of "two pieces of bread", bread is still an uncountable noun, without adding S, but piece can add S, that is, two pieces of bread. Please distinguish: countable nouns can also be expressed in quantity, such as three boxes of apples: 1, and two pieces of bread over there _ _ _ _ _ _ _. May I have three? A. A piece of bread B. A piece of bread C. A piece of bread D. A piece of bread noun case possessive case method, add "'s" after the noun. For example, Tom→Tom's translates as "of …". If you encounter a plural noun ending in S, just add "'"after S ... For example, Teacher's Day, two-week holiday, the possessive case without plural noun ending in S is still added as usual. For example, on Children's Day, we should master the following points about the possessive case of nouns: 1. Location can be expressed by the possessive case of nouns. My aunt is my aunt's house. Go to the doctor's house. 2. it means that two people own it together, and add s after the last noun, such as Lucy and Lily's. 3. Master phrases: a five-year-old girl, a friend of mine, for example; This white shirt is blue and that one is blue. Kate's, mine. Article Article is the most basic and simple part of vocabulary, so it is necessary for students to master its basic usage and summarize it. Students should master the following points: 1. Articles refer to indefinite articles A and an, and definite article the 2. The indefinite article An is often used before the word that begins with the vowel sound, such as: an hour, an English car. Please distinguish: useful machine 3. Refers to the person or thing mentioned above. Use the definite article the 4. Use the definite article the before something unique in the world. For example, the sun, the moon and the earth. The definite article the is used before ordinal number, and nouns and adjectives indicating position are put before superlatives. For example, first, the best, in the south 6. Adding the to the plural surname indicates the xx family, which is often regarded as plural. The browns are going to Shanghai for their holiday this summer. The definite article The is often used in prepositional phrases, such as: in the box, behind the chair. 8. Pay special attention to several aspects of not using the definite article the: (1) Don't use the article before the words such as festival, week, month, season and year. Summer, August, please distinguish: spring 1945. (This meaning is specific, so it is added) (2) There are no articles on the names of three meals a day and ball games. For example, eating breakfast and playing football (3) in some fixed phrases, such as: sleeping, going to school, taking the bus, and at night. 9. In some phrases, articles with and without articles have different meanings. Please pay attention to the difference: in front of the hospital, in front of the hospital, in front of the hospital. Hospitalization exercise: There is an 800-meter-long road behind the hospital. Students should be able to read and write all the basic words and numbers first. In the examination of numerals, multiple-choice questions and listening questions are often used in the senior high school entrance examination. To sum up these problems, we should grasp the following points that are particularly prone to mistakes. 1. Cardinality becomes ordinal. Its rules are: 1, 2,3 Pay special attention, from 4 plus th (first, second, third, fourth) 8, and from T, 9 to E, don't forget (eighth, ninth) every Friday, 12, ve becomes F (fifth, second) 20. When forming a specific number, hundreds, thousands and millions are all in singular form. Like five forgotten people. Only when expressing the general majority, add s to form the plural form. Hundreds of dreams, hundreds of days of dreams, thousands, millions, millions of these phrases can't be preceded by specific numbers. Ordinal numbers are often used with the definite article the. Exercise: ① Henry has learned eight _ _ _ _ _ _ French words this year. Lesson _ _ _ _ _ _. N is the most different one in the second book. (20) In addition, students should also master the expression of hours related to numbers. Sequential reading method (hours+minutes), such as: 4: 30 430 4: 45 445 4: 15 45 reading backwards (minutes+to/past+hours). For example: 4: 30, 4: 30, 4: 15, 4: 15, 4: 45, 5: 05/4: 15 Practice: 1. At the beginning. In the _ _ _ _ _ (twentieth century) in Ningxia, the world population was about17 million. 2. Are these _ _ _ _ _ (watches) yours? Yes You don't look well. You'd better see a doctor at once. 4. May I have _ _ _ _ _ _, please? Two pieces of paper. Two pieces of paper. There are three _ _ _ _ and seven _ _ _ in the picture. Monkey, sheep monkey, sheep monkey. Many _ _ _ _ _ are talking to two _ _ _ _ _ _. Germans, French Germans, French Germans, French. June 1 Yes _ _. Children's Day is a special festival. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ People went out to see what had happened. A. Thousands of B. Three thousand ofC. Three thousand dollars. We have stayed at school for _ _ _ _ _. Three and a half months C. Three and a half months D. Three and a half months10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ English is _ _ _ _ _ _ a useful language. A . A . A . b ./A . C . A . d . A ./ 1 1。 John got an orange bag for his birthday, but he lost it just now. A.an，a . b . a，c . a . d . an， 12。 There is an old tree near the house. a . a . b . an . c . a . d . a . a 13。 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ There is an 800-meter-long road behind the hospital. A.an, an B.a, a. c. an, D.a, pronoun ① Personal pronoun: nominative: singular I, you, he, she, it plural we, you, their object: singular I, you, he, she, it plural us, you, their (2) possessive pronoun:. Their noun mine, you, his, hers, its, our, you, their ③ reflexive pronouns: self, yourself, you, his, self, self, self, self, self, self, we, you, his, self, yourself. Adjective possessive pronouns can only be used as attributes in sentences, which is equivalent to an adjective. Nominal possessive pronouns can be used as predicative, subject and object in sentences, which is equivalent to a noun. 2. Pay attention to whether the noun subject pronoun refers to singular or plural in the sentence. (1) The book is in our room. Ours is new. This is our book. This is not our room. Ours is over there. This is our room. "of+nominal subject pronoun" refers to one of his sisters and one of my friends. 4. When personal pronouns are used side by side, the order is "second person, third person and first person". For example, you, she and I all like music. 5. As for reflexive pronouns, students should master its fixed structure: enjoy yourself = have fun by yourself = help yourself alone (alone) ... Please help yourself ...) Learn something. Teach yourself something. (Self-study) Exercise 1. -Whose pants are these? -_ _ _ _ _, I think. Their answer is yes. Nobody teaches English. He teaches _ _ _ _. He, himself, his, himself, himself, himself, himself, himself, his (2) modifier countable nouns mostly indicate negative meaning, and A indicates positive meaning.
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