syntactical functions and morphological features that help to determine a part of speech
(1) Part of speech: Chinese notional words. The situation that should be paid attention to when using examples of word meaning and part of speech meaning
Noun: a word indicating the name, time, place, orientation, etc. of a person or thing.
At Flaubert's house on Sunday. Go east.
(1) Pay attention to the collocation of nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Exodus 1: His kind words are always in front of us. (Wrong collocation of name and verb)
Exodus 2: Its hard eyes become soft. (Adjectives and nouns are collocated incorrectly)
(2) Don't misuse part of speech.
Exodus 3: This is the greatest irony and humiliation for him. Nouns are misused as verbs. "Shame" is changed to "insult")
Exodus Nowadays, many exercises to exercise muscles are popular in the world.
Adjectives are misused as verbs. Change "developing muscles" to "developing muscles")
Verbs are words that express actions, development, changes, psychological activities, judgments, etc.
The impala stepped off the bridge before flying, afraid of nature.
Adjectives are words that express the shape, nature, state and color of people or things.
He is a tall and thin old man, and I respect him very much.
Numerals represent numbers (including exact numbers, divisors and ordinal numbers).
For the first time, I invited more than a dozen students to play at home.
(1) Numerals and quantifiers are often used together to form quantifiers. (2) Quantifiers can overlap.
(3) Pay attention to the representation of quantity increase or decrease.
(1) Increase by multiple or percentage.
Example 5: Increase from 3 to
Example 6: "increase 100%", "increase a culture" and "double".
(2) The reduction of quantity can only be achieved by fraction, which can be said as "reduction" or "reduction to". Example 7:
From 20 to 5: by 75%, by three quarters, by 25% and by one quarter.
When contemporary words replace some words, they have grammatical functions.
Exodus 8: We have reached the edge of Lop Nur. Exodus 9: After so many years, the vines have blossomed again.
Quantifiers represent units of things or behaviors. A man with a black beard.
Fighting with a group of shirtless people. The clock struck twelve.
Pronouns replace the names of people or things, or play a role in distinguishing instructions, or are used to ask questions.
Those ring people, they posted them on the bulletin board of the city hall, so that's what happened.
(B) Part of speech: Chinese function words
Adverb: Adverbs are used to modify and restrict verbs or adjectives, indicating time, frequency, scope, mood, degree, etc. Because my father was very busy, he agreed not to see me off. He told the waiter repeatedly that he was very careful. But he finally felt uneasy and hesitated for a while, fearing that the waiter would not post it properly.
Prepositions are used before nouns, pronouns or noun phrases, and together with these words or phrases, they indicate time, place, direction, object, etc.
Go in from Tiananmen Square. When crossing the railway, he first scattered oranges on the ground, climbed down slowly, then picked them up and left.
How do you answer the above questions? Pay attention to the collocation of prepositions "dui", "dui" and "ba" with the following objects.
Example: The art of calligraphy really knows nothing about me.
(It is "the art of calligraphy is to me", and the object of "right" is wrong)
Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases or sentences, indicating that there are relations such as juxtaposition, progression, turning point, causality and hypothesis before and after.
Even if there are occasional beams of light peeking at the bottom of the valley at noon in summer, they are squinting and have no warmth.
Although we don't know the content of the story, our emotions can sing with her movements.
Auxiliary words are used to express a certain structural relationship between words, or a state of action or behavior, or to express a certain mood.
The ship moved quietly, but quickly.
The moon went down, and there was a rustling wind in the lotus pond in the middle of the night.
Why? Pay attention to the correct use of "de".
She is the first China athlete to win a gold medal in this Olympic Games.
There are too many "de" in the sentence, so you can delete the first three.
Interjections express sounds such as exclamation, call and response. "Ah, when will he? ...
"alas! I don't know when I can see him again! "
Onomatopoeic words imitate the sounds made by people or things.
Then a little dancer came out to sing.
Bang-the red paper stick was blown to pieces.
(3) Meaning: single meaning and polysemy, synonyms and antonyms.
Key points and examples of distinguishing word meanings
A word with only one meaning. Lop Nur (proper name) element (technical term)
A word has several related meanings.
Depth: ① Distance from surface to bottom (basic meaning) ② Color weight: deep red.
③ Long time: late at night ④ High degree: foresight.
Synonyms and antonyms
Words with the same or similar meanings. Pay attention to distinguish subtle differences when using:
Degree of meaning: gaze, gaze (light-heavy)
Scope: campaign, battle (big-small)
Collocation habits: firmness (position, direction and belief) and firmness (character, will and attitude).
Emotional criticism: cleverness and cunning (praise-criticism)
Words with opposite or relative meanings.
On the contrary: right or wrong, true or false, relative: black and white, big-small.
Polysemous words have several different antonyms: old (young, small, gentle and new)
Praise, neutrality and derogatory
Compliments have emotional colors such as praise, love, respect and affirmation. There is a common phenomenon in the praise and criticism of words:
① Use antonyms to express emotional color: noble-despicable humility-arrogance.
(2) Synonymous but expressive praise-touting leadership-leadership
③ Idioms express feelings.
Arbitrary-brainstorming, perfunctory-wholeheartedly
The derogatory words have such emotional colors as derogatory meaning, contempt, contempt and negation.
Neutral words have no color of praise or criticism, and both good and bad aspects can be used.
Note: The above table is the seventh-grade appendix "Chinese Part of Speech List (Content Words)" and the eighth-grade appendix "Chinese Part of Speech List (Function Words)" of the compulsory education curriculum standard experimental textbook, which will help you to further sort out the knowledge in this chapter.
Second, phrases and simple sentences
phrase
Problems needing attention in using phrase structure types
Main features, examples, matters needing attention, examples and analysis
Subject and predicate are composed of words that express the relationship between stated and stated (who, what)+(what, how).
Stubborn by nature
Exposed crystal 1. Appropriate cooperation: (1) reasonable. (2) Conforming to language habits.
2. Simple use. 3. juxtaposition is appropriate.
Example 1: quality improvement
(Improper collocation of subject, predicate and verb can be said to be "qualitative improvement" or "quantitative increase")
Example 2: Finding Difficulties
If the verb and the object are not properly matched, it can be said to be "finding the goal" or "overcoming the difficulty"
Example 3: Beautiful singing voice
The modifier does not conform to the characteristics of the object to be modified, and the quantifier "one" cannot modify an unlimited number of "songs".
Example 4: A very straight road
(Modifiers to modify phrases are complicated, and "straightness" itself contains a degree of "extraordinary")
Example 5: Table lamp and lighting equipment
("Lighting equipment" includes "table lamp", please pay attention to whether it is appropriate to juxtapose)
Example 6: Accept it with an open mind and ask for your opinions.
Before "accept", it should be "beg", so the position modulation of coordinate verbs is reasonable.
Pian Zheng consists of nouns, verbs or adjectives and the words that modify them: (Pian) Attribute+Noun (Zheng) (Pian) Adverbial+Verb (Zheng) My mother.
The bright pearl is silent and elegant with the workmanship.
Verb-object is composed of verbs and elements dominated by verbs, and the elements dominated by verbs are objects:
Verb+object (who, what) smiles.
Enlighten the soul and fear nature.
Complement consists of verbs, adjectives and the following complementary components: the complementary component is complement:
Verb+supplementary adjective. Look at it.
Very hot
A phrase composed of two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives in parallel, and the words are equally combined. Newspapers and magazines
It is ridiculous to observe and study the reform and opening up.
Note: Understanding ① can identify the types of phrases in specific contexts. (2) Be able to correctly understand what sentence elements are.
Application ① can correctly use phrases to make sentences. (2) Can identify and correct some common sentence language diseases.
(b) sentence formation and sentence use
Name, sentence composition, sentence usage
Illustrations and symbolic examples: examples of key points and sick sentences
The object stated in the main sentence indicates who or what has (many wonderful) things in the book.
1. The composition should be reasonable.
2. The sentence structure should be complete.
3. The word order should be reasonable. Exodus 1: At the moment of parting, the students' happy smiles and hearty songs echoed in their ears in the past three years. (The subject "happy smile" does not match the predicate "echo")
Exodus: His exam has been accepted.
It should be that he was "admitted".
Exodus 3: After publication, samples and remuneration will be given.
("reward" is not a "gift", and the verb-object is not properly matched)
EXAMPLE 4: The stone arch bridge in China has a long history.
(it should be a long history, and the modifiers and the head words are not properly matched. )
Exodus 5: It is patriotic to die for one's country. The subject is "human" and the object is "performance".
Exodus 6: I benefited a lot from Yang Liwei's report.
The "he" that can be used as the subject is placed after the "yes", which makes the sentence lack the subject.
Exodus 7: The people of China are struggling for a well-off society.
What do you want to do? I have not finished my words yet.
Example 8: Agricultural production must be modernized.
("Go" what, don't finish, miss the object)
Exodus 9: This is an effective method to treat hypertension. (The word order between modifiers is incorrect)
Example 10: The solid basic knowledge laid by middle school has created conditions for her to further study by herself.
(The positions of modifiers and headwords are reversed)
predicate
State the subject of the sentence and explain what or how the subject is.
target
The dominant component of the predicate verb indicates the object, result, time, tool, etc. Action.
attribute
() The modifier before the noun head in a sentence indicates the nature and state of things, or limits the ownership, nature and quantity of things.
supplement
& lt& gt The supplementary component of the predicate verb, the situation, result, time, place, quantity and time of the supplementary action. I'm scared.
Modifiers before verbs or adjectives in adverbial clauses indicate the way, state, time, place or degree of behavior.
Note: Sentences, consisting of words or phrases, have a certain tone and intonation, which can express a complete meaning and complete simple communication tasks. A simple sentence consists of a phrase or a word. Mastering the knowledge of sentence components and sentence trunk can help us to express and modify sick sentences better.
(c) the purpose of the judgment
Examples of expression characteristics of sentence names
A declarative sentence states things in a declarative tone, and the sentence ends with a period.
1. affirmative sentence: expressed by "yes" sentence or general affirmative sentence.
2. Negative statement: use "no", "no" and "no" to express negative tone.
Exodus 1: He is Lu Xun. Ex 2: He is not a doctor.
Interrogation is to ask questions to others, use interrogative intonation, and finally express the sentence in writing with question marks.
1. Ask questions with "who", "what", "where", "how" and "why" and ask for answers to these questions.
2. Only add interrogative intonation on the basis of declarative sentences, and ask for affirmative or negative answers to the questions raised.
3. Ask several questions in parallel and ask to choose one of them to answer.
4. Ask questions in a positive and negative overlapping way and ask for a positive or negative answer.
Example 3: Where are you going? Exodus. Is this his?
Example 5: Do you eat or not? Exodus 6: Have you seen him?
Imperative sentences are sentences that ask others to do or not to do. In imperative mood, in written expression, the strong tone is an exclamation point, and the slow tone is full stop. There are two types: requirements and prohibitions. Exodus 7: Get out! (class, table command is required)
Exodus 8: Don't talk! (forbidden class)
An exclamatory sentence expresses a person's strong feelings. Use exclamation marks in writing.
Example 9: Ah! What a good boy!
Example 10: I have made progress!
Third, complex sentences
(A) complex sentences
Examples of commonly used related words in names
Coordinate compound sentences, similarly, both have ... and. ...
No ... but ...
On the one hand ... on the other hand (1) is not targeted, but aimless.
(2) Doing depends on guidance; Think about it, you have to prove it with your actions.
Progressive complex sentences are not only (not only, not only, not only) … but also (even)
Not only ... on the contrary,
... more ... especially (1) these hands are not only thick, but also dexterous.
Far from being angry, he admires you.
Choose compound sentences or ... or ... also ... or. ...
Also ... or ... I'd rather ... I'll either go today or tomorrow.
Either we are intimidated by difficulties, or we drive them away.
Although ... cheese but, but, however, although ... but ... ① Some young people are not diligent enough despite their ideals.
The rain stopped, but it was still cloudy.
Causal complex sentence because ... so. As a result of ...
Because ... it's just. Therefore, it can be seen. Because time is the substance of life, wasting time is consuming life.
Now that we know that we are wrong, we must solve it as soon as possible.
Suppose this complex sentence, if ... if (if, if) ... then (just).
Although ... although ... if we can ask this question, all wrong theories will be broken.
Even if it snows, I will go.
Conditional complex sentences are only ... just ... just. ...
No matter what ... is ... no matter ... or (always) ... only by observing yourself can we know the actual situation.
No matter who participates, we are welcome.
(B) Double complex sentences
Double complex sentence: The whole sentence contains two relations in meaning and forms two levels in structure. This kind of complex sentence is called double complex sentence.
(C) the use of related words in complex sentences
Related words are mainly conjunctions and some adverbs, as well as some phrases.
Examples of common mistakes in the use of related words in complex sentences
Improper collocation of related words can only be done by fully mobilizing the masses.
(2) Lack of related words Although the door to a university is difficult to enter, the door to knowledge is always open.
(3) Misuse of related words My brother wants to join the army, but my mother agrees and my father agrees more.
No matter how the weather changes, he will go up the mountain to cut wood.
Note: [Understanding] can identify the types of complex sentences and analyze the relationship between the levels of complex sentences and clauses.
【 Application 】 ① The related words of common complex sentences can be used correctly to make sentences. (2) Can correct complex sentences.
Fourth, rhetoric.
(A) common figures of speech
The characteristics of typical figures of speech and the comparison of similar figures of speech and the matters needing attention in the use of examples
Metaphor makes things vivid and concrete. There are similes, metaphors and metonymies. Basic format: vehicle+metaphor+ontology
Example 1: (Rain) is like ox hair, like a flower needle ... (Simile)
Exodus 2: Summer is such a string of notes. (figuratively)
Exodus 3: A river of spring water ripples gently in my heart. (figuratively) 1. Generally speaking, concrete is more than abstract.
2. Often used in combination with analogy (for example, touching you like a mother's hand).
3. All words with "image" are not metaphors. The difference between metaphor and personification: metaphor emphasizes metaphor.
Anthropomorphic writing makes things vivid and concrete.
Example 1: peach tree, apricot tree and plum tree, I won't let you if you don't let me. (personification) must conform to the needs of expression and the characteristics of people or things, so that the metaphor is appropriate and natural. Personification generally has words to express characters' actions, behaviors or thoughts and feelings.
Exaggeration deliberately exaggerates objective things to emphasize or highlight some characteristics of things and express some strong thoughts and feelings. There are three kinds of exaggeration: magnifying exaggeration, narrowing exaggeration and guiding exaggeration.
Exodus 1: He changes clothes every minute of every day. (Enlarge and exaggerate)
Exodus 2: It's been six years. (reduce exaggeration)
Exodus 3: My father's face turned white long ago. (exaggerated in advance) 1. Must conform to the characteristics of people or things.
2. Often used with metaphor.
(Example: There are as many lychees in Conghua as the sea in Wang Yang)
Three or more phrases or sentences with similar structure, related content and consistent tone are arranged side by side. Parallelism gives people a sense of unity, fluent language, strong sense of rhythm and momentum, and can enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Pay attention to the difference in order, size and weight.
Two phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, equal number of words and related meanings are arranged in pairs. There are right and wrong.
Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night. (positive)
Exodus 2: Looking down on a thousand fingers, bow your head and be a willing ox. (anti)
Repeated intentional use of certain words or sentences to emphasize a certain meaning and highlight a certain feeling. There are two kinds: continuous repetition and interval repetition.
Exodus 1: Where are you, where are you, where are you, where are you, where are you? (repeated)
Example 2: Strong winds are blowing, floods are coming, glaciers are crawling, ... (Repeat every once in a while)
There is no doubt that asking questions, deliberately asking questions, asking yourself and answering yourself can attract readers' attention.
Who is our loveliest person in Exodus? Our soldiers, I think they are the cutest people. 1. Ask yourself and answer.
2. Used with rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions are generally used to answer questions.
Rhetorical questions express definite meaning in the form of questions. Only by asking without answering can definite meaning be expressed more vividly and strongly, leaving a deeper impression on readers. There are two kinds of negative forms to express affirmation and positive forms to express negation.
Example 1: How can I not like her and how can I not get close to her? (negative form means positive)
Exodus 2: My burning life is about to burst into anger. Can't I burst into light? (Negative forms express positive meanings) Negative forms express positive meanings; Positive forms express negative meanings. There is no doubt about rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions, but they are different: rhetorical questions are self-questioning and self-answering; A rhetorical question is just asking without answering, and the answer lies in the question.
(2) Language expression should be concise, coherent and appropriate.
1. Language expression should be "concise".
"Concise" means that the expression should be concise and clear.
Example analysis of matters needing attention
Grasp the main points of the matter and remove unnecessary words. Example 1: Learn to be concise when writing articles, and be sure to delete all unnecessary wordiness. ("superfluous words" are also "wordy words", and repetition is redundant)
Express clearly and don't let the other person misunderstand. Exodus 2: The shepherd boy is eating grass with the cow. Who is eating grass? Cowboy or cow? Unclear expression)
2. Language expression should be "coherent".
"Coherence" means to express clearly and smoothly. A complete meaning often takes several sentences to express clearly, so we should pay attention to connecting these sentences in an orderly way.
Example analysis of matters needing attention
(1) Keep the theme unified and make the sentences revolve around a * * * center. Example 1: Original: Countless fruits bent all branches, some branches were bent by apples, and most branches had to be supported by wooden poles.
Wen Gai: There are too many fruits, the branches are bent, some branches are actually broken, and most branches have to be supported by wooden poles. (Jun Qing's Autumn Color Fu)
Analysis: The subject of the first clause in the original text is "fruit", and the subject of the last two clauses is "branch". The subjects of the first and second clauses are inconsistent, and the tone is not as coherent as the revised text.
② Pay attention to reasonable sentence order. Example 2: Make the following sentences into a paragraph:
The foundation originally includes moral education, intellectual education and physical education, and people often only see intellectual education. 2 Understanding "foundation" in this way can only hinder the growth of talents.
But some students, even teachers, often have a narrow understanding of "basics".
Intellectual education includes the study of book knowledge, non-book knowledge and the cultivation of various abilities, while people often only see the study of book knowledge.
⑤ The middle school stage is a period of laying a foundation, and every middle school student should lay a good foundation.
Book knowledge includes textbooks and extracurricular reading materials, and people often only see textbooks.
Analysis: The correct arrangement is: 53 146②. ⑤ The sentence puts forward the topic of "laying a good foundation", the sentence puts forward the existing problems around this topic, and 146② is a layer-by-layer analysis of this problem with clear logic.
③ Pay attention to the transition, cohesion and echo of language. Exodus 3: _ _ _ _ _ _ _, It is said that in some cities in the north, "Guanghuo" is also very popular in the market.
A. The shrewdness of Guangdong businessmen is famous all over the country.
B: Guangdong people's business practices are well-known throughout the country.
C. the advantages of Guangdong products are well-known throughout the country.
D. Guangdong's market economy is famous throughout the country.
Analysis: choose item d and pay attention to responding to "wide goods" and "hot goods" in the following context.
3. Language expression should be "appropriate". "Appropriateness" means that the language should adapt to the language environment.
Example analysis of matters needing attention
① Pay attention to the occasion. (solemn occasions, relaxed entertainment occasions, work occasions, daily occasions, etc. ) Example 1: Panshan Road Sign on Panshan Highway: "Steep slope, go slow!"
Analysis: concise and eye-catching, without redundant information, in line with winding and complicated paving occasions.
The objects of concern (superiors and subordinates, peers, juniors and elders, old friends and new acquaintances, etc.). Example 2: The following is what Xiaoming's classmates said to him on the phone: You can give me the written manuscript directly and I will give you some advice.
Analysis: inappropriate, it should be "please remind the teacher" or "let's think about it together."
Note 1: [Understanding] ① Common figures of speech such as metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question and rhetorical question can be recognized in a specific context. ② Understand the basic requirements of conciseness, coherence and appropriateness in language expression.
【 Application 】 ① Understand the expressive function of the above figures of speech in a specific language environment.
(2) Being able to use rhetoric to make sentences reasonably according to needs. ③ You can pay attention to conciseness, coherence and appropriateness when using language.
Note 2: The above table is the ninth grade appendix of the compulsory education curriculum standard experimental teaching material "Chinese" "Brief List of Common Figures of Speech". The knowledge essays "Speak Concise", "Speak Pay Attention", "Speak Depends on the Object" and "Common Sense of Couplets" in the second volume of Grade 8 will help you to further sort out the knowledge in this chapter.