Unit 7 Chapter 1 Biological Reproduction and Development

Section 1 Plant Propagation

1. Sexual reproduction: a reproductive mode in which fertilized eggs develop into new individuals. For example, seed propagation (reproduction of offspring from seeds in fruits through flowering, pollination and fruiting). ) (Egg cells in ovules combine with sperm in pollen to form fertilized eggs → embryos → seeds)

2. Asexual reproduction: Without the combination of hermaphroditic germ cells, new individuals are directly produced by the mother. Such as cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture.

3. Application of asexual reproduction

The key of grafting: the scion is closely combined with the cambium of the rootstock to ensure survival.

Processing of cutting materials: refer to textbook P4~5 for inquiry activities.

Plant tissue culture: technical principles and advantages. Reference textbooks P6~7

Section 2 Reproduction and Development of Insects

1. metamorphosis: in the process of developing from fertilized eggs into new individuals, the structure and living habits of larvae and adults are very different, which is called metamorphosis.

2. Complete metamorphosis: Like silkworms, the development process goes through four stages: egg → larva → pupa → adult. For example: bees, butterflies, moths, flies, mosquitoes.

3. Incomplete metamorphosis: egg → nymph → adult. Examples: locust, cicada, cricket, mole cricket, mantis.

Section III Reproduction and Development of Amphibians

1. Frog reproductive development: metamorphosis: egg → tadpole → young frog → adult frog, characteristics: oviposition, in vitro fertilization.

Section 4. Breeding and development of birds

1. process: nesting, courtship, mating, spawning, hatching and brooding.

2. Features: Oviposition and fertilization

3. Structure and function of bird eggs

Egg yolk is an egg cell. The blastoderm contains the nucleus. Eggshell and shell membrane-protection, egg white-provide nutrition and water, and bind-fix egg yolk.

Egg yolk-the main nutritional part. Embryo disc-the place where the embryo develops (the unfertilized color is light and small, and the fertilized color is deep and large).

Chapter II Inheritance and Variation of Organisms

(heredity: refers to the similarity between parents and children. Variation: refers to the difference between offspring and parents.

The first section gene control biological characteristics

1 Biological characteristics: biological morphological and structural characteristics, physiological characteristics and behavior patterns.

2 Relative traits: different manifestations of the same trait of the same organism.

3. Genes control biological characteristics. Example: Textbooks P26~27, Transgenic Super Mice and Mice. (Data analysis experiment operation, phenomenon and conclusion)

Organisms inherit genes rather than traits.

Transgenic technology and its application

Section 2 Gene Transmission from Parents to Children

1. chromosome: a substance in the nucleus that can be dyed dark by alkaline dyes. (composed of protein +DNA)

2.DNA: It is the main genetic material of double helix structure.

3. Genes: DNA fragments on chromosomes that control biological characteristics.

The morphology and number of chromosomes in each biological cell are determined.

Chromosomes exist in pairs in biological cells, and genes also exist in pairs, which are located on paired chromosomes respectively.

4. Gene transfer through sperm or egg cells

Sperm and egg cells are the "bridge" of gene transmission between parents and children.

In cell division that forms sperm or egg cells, chromosomes are reduced by half.

Dominance and Recessiveness of Genes in Section 3

Mendel pea hybridization experiment and Mendel's law

1. Relative traits include dominant traits and recessive traits. The first generation hybrids are dominant.

2. recessive trait genome becomes: dd dominant trait genome is called Dd or DD.

3. The genetic composition is Dd. Although the traits controlled by D are not expressed, the D gene will be passed on in heredity.

Prohibition of consanguineous marriage:

China's marriage law stipulates that marriage is prohibited between lineal blood relatives and collateral blood relatives within three generations.

Harm of consanguineous marriage: If a family once suffered from a genetic disease or carried a disease-causing gene, then its descendants are more likely to carry the disease-causing gene. If the related offspring remarry and have children, the chances of suffering from this disease will increase.

genotype

Parents Aa A a

germ cell

Offspring AA Aa Aa aa

1. A cell species has two pairs of genes, which are located on two pairs of chromosomes. The correct diagram is ().

Example 2. A class of students conducted a sampling survey on the heredity of double eyelids and single eyelids in the population. The statistical results are as follows: Please answer the following questions: (1) It can be inferred from the results of the first group of surveys that the genes controlling eyelid traits are recessive genes.

(2) If the genes controlling dominant traits are represented by A, and the genes controlling recessive traits are represented by A, in the families surveyed in the third group, the gene combination of the mother is the gene combination of the father.

(3) If the mother of a family in the second group has double eyelid surgery, it is possible that another child has double eyelids.

The reason is.

(4) Parents have double eyelids and daughters have single eyelids. If the couple want another child, the characteristic of the child's eyelids is that the possibility of a single eyelid is.

Number of children in the surveyed family

Parents' double eyelids and single eyelids

1 Double eyelids Double eyelids 80 70 36

2 Single eyelid Single eyelid 60 0 64

3 Double eyelids and single eyelids 120 85 50

4 Single eyelid and double eyelid 100 56 48

The fourth quarter of human sex inheritance

Chromosome differences between men and women

1. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each normal person's somatic cell. (Male: 44+XY Female: 44+XX)

2. Among them, 22 pairs are identical to men and women, which are called autosomes, and 1 pairs are different from men and women, which are called sex chromosomes. The male is XY and the female is XX.

3. Equal opportunities for boys and girls, 1: 1.

Example 1. The picture shows the changes of chromosome number during human reproductive development. According to the picture, the answer is:

(1)a and B represent parental somatic cells respectively, and the number of chromosomes is no problem.

(2)A represents the process that parents produce germ cells respectively, and their chromosomes are all banded, smaller than A and B. ..

(3) The process of B is that the formed E cells are called and the number of chromosomes is right. F cell is the daughter's somatic cell, and its chromosomes are strips. Every pair of chromosomes in somatic cells comes from one and one from the other.

Section 5 Biological Variation

1. The variation of biological characters is common. Variation is first determined by the difference of genetic material basis, and then it is related to the environment. So there are genetic variation and non-genetic variation.

Examples of human applying the principle of genetic variation to cultivate new varieties: artificial selection, cross breeding and space breeding (gene mutation)

Example 1. The correct way to cultivate IVF is ()

A. In vivo fertilization → embryo transfer → in vitro development B. In vivo fertilization → in vitro development → embryo transfer → maternal development

C. In vitro fertilization → in vitro development D. In vitro fertilization → in vitro development → embryo transfer → maternal development

2. Children look like their parents because

A. Parents passed on all the genes to their children.

C. Parents passed on some genes to their children respectively. Parents live with their children.

3. There are 30 pairs of chromosomes in bovine somatic cells, so the chromosome numbers of bovine germ cells and fertilized eggs are respectively

A.30, 30 pairs of B.30, 30 pairs of C.30, 30 pairs of D.30, 30 pairs.

4. It is known that double eyelids and single eyelids are a pair of relative traits, in which double eyelids are dominant traits, denoted by D, single eyelids are recessive traits, denoted by D .. There is a couple with single eyelids, so the probability that their offspring have DD genotype is

a. 100℅b.50℅c.25℅·0℅

5. China scholar Tong Dizhou and others extracted DNA from the visceral cells of salamanders and injected it into the fertilized eggs of goldfish. Therefore, about 65,438+0 ℅ little goldfish have balancers similar to tailed amphibians behind their mouths. This experiment proves that DNA

A. the molecular structure is relatively stable. It can replicate itself. C. it can control traits.

6. The gene of albinism is recessive gene (H) Xiaoming's parents are normal and Xiaoming is albino, so the genetic composition of Xiaoming's parents is A.HH and hhB.hh and hhC.hh and HHD.hh and hh respectively.

7. Among the following variants, those that cannot be inherited are

A. human skin: black, yellow and white B. yellow, white and red corn kernels

C. wheat growing in the shade has thin stems and spikelets.

8. A couple with normal phenotype, whose parents have an albino, are expected to have an albino boy?

a.3∕4 b. 1∕4 c. 1∕2 d. 1∕8

9. The purpose of prohibiting consanguineous marriage is to

A. prevent the occurrence of genetic diseases B. prevent the spread of genetic diseases C. reduce the probability of genetic diseases D. narrow the scope of genetic diseases

10. As shown in the figure, the mice cultivated by transgenic technology are much larger than ordinary mice. Please answer:

⑴ In the study of transgenic mice, the characters studied are individual mice.

The gene that controls this characteristic is the rat growth gene.

(2) In the process of biological generation reproduction,

Not (3) the relationship between traits and genes is decisive.

Chapter III Biological Evolution

First of all, the origin of life on earth

1. Most scholars believe that the process from inorganic substances in the primitive atmosphere to organic substances and then to primitive life is carried out in the primitive earth and ocean.

2. Primitive earth conditions: high temperature, high pressure, ultraviolet rays, thunder and lightning, primitive ocean and lack of oxygen.

3. protein, nucleic acid is an important substance in life

4. Miller simulated the experiment that was originally the condition of the earth.

The problem of ecological origin is still a subject that scientists continue to explore. From 65438 to 0953, American scholar S.L. Miller conducted a simulation experiment, which opened up a new way to study the origin of life through experiments.

The picture on the right shows the device used by American scientist Miller to simulate primitive earth conditions. After vacuumizing the device, the gas is pumped into the glass instrument from A, and then the water at B is boiled, so that the mixed gas flows in the glass tube driven by steam. Then use the electrode to simulate spark discharge in A, and after cooling in B, the molded product is deposited in C. Please answer the following questions according to the above description and diagram: (1) The function of spark discharge is:

Miller's question is:

He made this assumption:

The evidence he collected is.

He came to the conclusion that

The second section, the course of biological evolution

A method of learning and studying biological evolution

1. comparison method: according to certain standards, compare interrelated things to determine their similarities and differences.

2. Fossils: the remains, relics or traces of life of organisms buried in the stratum for various reasons and formed after tens of thousands of years of complex changes. For example: archaeopteryx fossils (ancient reptiles → ancient birds)

3. The general trend of biological evolution: simple to complex, low to advanced, aquatic to terrestrial.

4. The general course of biological evolution: refer to the textbook P55 biological evolutionary tree.

The third section, the reasons of biological evolution.

1. Simulate the formation process of protective color (taking the change of different body color types of oblique nettle as an example): One aspect of animals' adaptation to the environment is the result of natural selection.

2. Natural selection: after living competition, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated.

3. Process: excessive reproduction, survival competition, genetic variation, survival of the fittest.

4. Significance: Organisms constantly evolve through heredity, variation and natural selection.

Examples; The picture shows the formation process of giraffe's long neck. Please answer according to the picture analysis:

(1) As can be seen from the picture, the forelimbs and necks of ancient giraffes were long and short, showing the above individual differences.

The reason is that the ancestors of giraffes came into being. (2) In the process of evolution, individuals with long necks and forelimbs were preserved, and individuals with short necks and forelimbs were eliminated, because. (3) Food plays an important role in the survival and elimination of giraffe mutant individuals. (4) In the process of evolution, individuals with long necks and forelimbs are gradually preserved, which shows that such individuals are in line with environmental changes. (5) Surviving individuals accumulate their characteristics.

(6) Modern giraffes are gradually formed through heredity and natural selection.

Unit 8 Healthy Living

Chapter I Infectious Diseases and Immunity

Section 1 Infectious Diseases and Their Prevention

1. pathogen: bacteria, viruses, parasites and other organisms that cause infectious diseases.

2. The basic link of the epidemic of infectious diseases: susceptible people pass through the source of infection.

3. Preventive measures for infectious diseases: control the source of infection, cut off the route of transmission, and protect susceptible people.

Section 2 Immunization and Planned Immunization

1. The human body has three lines of defense: the first line: skin and mucosa; The second way: bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids; The third way: immune organs and immune cells.

2. Nonspecific immunity: it is innate and does not target a specific pathogen (such as first and second line immunity).

3. Specific immunity: acquired, which only works on specific pathogens or foreign bodies (such as immune third line).

Antibody: When pathogens invade human body and stimulate lymphocytes, lymphocytes will produce a special protein against pathogens.

Antigen: A substance (such as a pathogen) that causes the body to produce antibodies.

4. Immunity: Initially it refers to the human body's resistance to pathogens, and now it refers to a physiological function of the human body. The human body relies on this function to identify its own and non-own components, thus destroying and rejecting the antigenic substances of the human body, or the damaged cells and tumor cells produced by the human body itself, in order to maintain people.

Good health.

Vaccine: a biological product usually made of inactivated or attenuated pathogens, which can produce corresponding antibodies after being inoculated into human body.

6. Planned immunization, meaning:

Since the first case of AIDS was discovered in 198 1 USA, more than 200 countries and regions around the world have been seriously threatened by AIDS. At present, the number of HIV-infected people in China has reached 1 10,000. AIDS has become one of the infectious diseases that pose the greatest threat to human health in 2 1 century. Please answer the following questions according to the existing biological knowledge:

(1) AIDS is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), so HIV is an infectious disease.

(2) The following do not belong to the route of AIDS transmission.

A. blood B. semen C. milk D. handshake

(3) Unsafe sex is to provide condoms free of charge in infected entertainment places, which is a measure to prevent infectious diseases.

(4) At present, many researchers are developing AIDS vaccines, aiming at making people immune to AIDS, which belongs to immunity. The second line of defense to defend the human body refers to.

(5) In your opinion, how to treat AIDS patients and infected people in daily life?

a；

b；

C.

2. In addition to sexual transmission, AIDS will also pass.

A. Water transmission B. Handshake transmission C. Blood transfusion transmission D. Air transmission

3. Inject ovalbumin into rabbit blood, and make rabbit blood into serum one week later. If ovalbumin is added to the serum, precipitation will occur. Egg protein is equivalent to a. antibody B. antigen C. pathogen D. external stimulus

During SARS, Zhang's family often used a lot of Chinese herbal medicines to prevent it. As a result, family members have experienced symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, body aches and diarrhea. What do you think is the most likely reason?

A. type ⅲ allergic reaction caused by Chinese herbal medicine B. immunoglobulin is produced in the body.

C. Improve human immunity and trigger immune response D. Drug poisoning

5. It is not only the source of infectious diseases, but also its transmission route is ()

A hepatitis B patients have B healthy cats and dogs, C cups used by hepatitis B patients, D mosquitoes with plasmodium.

6. When French scientist Pasteur studied anthrax in livestock, he made a famous experiment with sheep. The method is shown in the table.

The first time the data packet is processed, the second time the data packet is processed.

Method result

Group A sheep were injected with asymptomatic virus-free bacteria and asymptomatic active bacteria.

Group B sheep were not injected with any asymptomatic bacteria, but injected with symptomatic active bacteria.

Analyze the questions and answer them:

(1) The reason why the sheep in group A did not get sick after the second injection was that,

(2) The role of group B sheep in the experiment is.

(3) People's planned immunization, such as hepatitis B vaccine, is equivalent to the experiment (choose "Group A" or "Group B").

(4) In order to prevent the harm of anthrax to people or livestock, all countries carry out routine virological quarantine on suspected imported goods during the outbreak, which belongs to.

Chapter II Drugs and First Aid

1. Prescription drugs for safe use (R) over-the-counter drugs (OTC)

2. The names and functions of some commonly used drugs. For example, Niuhuang Jiedu tablets can be used to treat diseases such as sore throat. The new quick-acting cold tablets can be used to treat nasal congestion, sore throat, headache and fever caused by colds.

3. Summarize the common sense of safe medication. -Analysis of information contained in drug labels. Main ingredients, indications, usage and dosage, drug specifications, precautions, production date and expiration date of the drug.

4. 120 first aid 5. Artificial respiration. Chest compressions

7. Bleeding and hemostasis: external bleeding, internal bleeding, capillary bleeding, venous bleeding and arterial bleeding.

Chapter III Self-awareness and Health Improvement

The first part, evaluate your health.

1. Health refers to a good state of physical, psychological and social adaptation.

2. Keep a happy mood: Happiness is the core of teenagers' mental health.

3. Ways to adjust emotions: divert attention; Choose the right way to vent your troubles; self-consolation

The second section, choose a healthy lifestyle

1. Influence of lifestyle on health: Chronic non-communicable diseases are not only affected by genetic factors and environment, but also related to personal lifestyle. Unhealthy lifestyle accelerates the occurrence and development of these diseases.

2. To explore the effect of alcohol or tobacco extract on the heart rate of Daphnia. 25%) can promote the heart rate of Daphnia, and high concentration of alcohol can inhibit the heart rate of Daphnia.

3. Harm of alcoholism to human health: Alcohol will damage people's heart and blood vessels, and alcoholism will make the brain excessively excited or paralyzed, leading to neurasthenia and mental decline. Long-term alcoholism can lead to alcoholism, excessive drinking and life-threatening.

4. Harm of smoking to human health: When tobacco burns, harmful substances such as nicotine and tar in the smoke enter the human body, causing damage to the human nervous system, reducing people's memory and attention, and also inducing various respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.

Harm of drugs: it will damage people's nervous system, reduce human immune function, cause cardiopulmonary injury, respiratory paralysis, and even death.