On a clear day, according to sunrise and sunset, you can easily know the direction, but it can only be a rough estimate. There are the following methods to determine more accurately.
(1) watch direction finding. "Half hour refers to the sun, 12 refers to the north". Generally, you can quickly identify the direction between 9 am and 4 pm. Half the time, the direction is opposite to the sun, and 12 is the north. For example, in the afternoon 14: 40, half of it is 7: 20, and the time is facing the sun, then 12 refers to the north.
(2) Sun shadow direction finding. On a sunny day, a wooden stick was erected on the ground. The shadow of the stick moves with the position of the sun. These shadows are the shortest at noon, the connecting line at the end is a straight line, and the vertical line of the straight line is the north-south direction.
3. Use ground features and plant features.
Sometimes some ground objects and plant growth characteristics in the wild are good direction signs, and increasing this knowledge can help us quickly identify the direction.
(1) feature.
House: Generally, the door faces south, especially in the north of China. The building with balcony faces south.
Temples: usually open to the south, especially the main buildings in the temple group.
Remarkable features: Bryophytes, whose base is wet to the north, may grow low.
(2) Plant growth characteristics.
On the northern hillside, low ferns and vines are more developed than those on the sunny side. Clear annual rings can be seen on the cross section of the trunk, with sparse annual rings on the south side and tight annual rings on the north side.
Question 2: How to tell the direction 1? Use the characteristics of nature to determine the direction.
Without topographic maps, compasses and other equipment, we should learn to use some special functions of nature.
Signs determine the direction.
First of all, the sun is the most reliable compass.
We know that the sun moves from east to west, while the shadow moves from west to east. For example, at 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun rises in the east, and the shadows of all objects fall to the west; By noon 12, the sun is due south and the shadow points to the north; By 6 pm, the sun is due to the west and the shadow points to the east. So the direction can be roughly determined by the shadows of the sun and objects.
As the saying goes: "immediate", use a pole (straight pole) to make it perpendicular to the ground, and put a stone at the vertex A of the pole shadow; About 10 minute, when the shadow vertex of the column moves to B, put another stone to connect the two points A and B into a straight line, which points to the east-west direction, with the direction perpendicular to the AB line as the north-south direction, the end facing the sun as the south, and the opposite direction as the north (Figure 5).
According to this method to determine the direction, the higher, thinner and more vertical to the ground, the longer the shadow moves, the more accurate the direction will be. Especially around noon 12. For example, the shadow lengths of 1 1: 30 and 12: 30 are almost equal, and the connecting line of vertices just points to the east-west direction, and the vertical line of the connecting line can also accurately point out the north-south direction.
The earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours, 1 hour rotation 15 degrees, and the hour hand of a watch is always twice as fast as the sun. According to this principle, the position can be roughly determined by the watch and the sun. At 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun is in the east and the shadow points to the west. At this time, the hour hand on the watch points to the sun, and the word "12" on the dial points to the west. If the dial is rotated by 90 degrees, the 6 o'clock position is half, so that the "3" on the dial faces the sun and the "12" points to the north. At noon, 12, the sun is in the south. If 12 is folded in half so that the character "6" on the dial faces the sun, the character "12" still refers to the north (Figure 6).
According to this method, the local time difference should be considered. Time conversion should be set to local time. Take east longitude 120 degrees as the line, east longitude 15 degrees, Beijing time plus 1 hour, west longitude 15 degrees, and Beijing time minus 1 hour as the local time. If the geographical coordinate of Urumqi is 87 degrees 40 minutes east longitude, then (120-87) ÷ 15 = 2 hours and 9 minutes, Beijing time minus 2 hours and 9 minutes, it is the local time in Urumqi.
Taiwan Province Chiayi, Nan 'ao Island, Guangdong Shantou Northeast, Guangxi Wuzhou, Yunnan Gejiu South of the Tropic of Cancer (23 degrees 27 minutes north latitude) can not use the above two methods in summer.
By the way, we know that the relative position of the earth and the sun has moved 15 during the rotation of the earth, and we can roughly determine the direction with the watch and the sun. On the contrary, we can also use the compass and the sun to measure the approximate time. The method is to point to the north with a compass, and the reading of the sun position can be divided by 15. China is based on Beijing time, Beijing is on the east longitude 120 line, and other areas should be corrected according to the longitude difference, that is, the correct solar time.
As the saying goes, "Everything grows on the sun", and the heat energy of the sun has formed many characteristics of indirect direction judgment in nature. After mastering these characteristics, even on a cloudy day without the sun, you can still judge the direction accordingly. For example, the grass in the south near stumps, trunks and boulders grows tall and lush, and the grass in the south withers and turns yellow faster in winter. Bark is generally smooth in the south and rough in the north (there are many cracks and uneven bumps on the bark). This phenomenon is most obvious in birch trees. The bark of birch in the south is lighter and more elastic than that in the north.
In summer, the gum from the trunk of pine, cypress and fir trees is more in the south than in the north, and it is caked. The secondary bark covering the trunk of pine trees formed earlier in the north than in the south and developed higher upward. This phenomenon is more prominent when the bark swells and turns black after rain. In autumn, the south-facing side of fruit trees has dense branches and leaves and many fruits, especially apples, red dates, persimmons, hawthorn, lychee and citrus. When the fruit is ripe, it is dyed to the south side first.
Ant nests near trees and shrubs are always in the south of trees and shrubs.
Moss growing on stones likes humidity and is not resistant to sunlight, so mosses generally grow on the north side of stones.
The leaves of Mongolian chrysanthemum and wild lettuce on the grassland point north and south.
In the mountainous and hilly areas of northern China, dense arbor forests mostly grow on shady slopes, while shrub forests mostly grow on sunny slopes. This is due to the slow evaporation of water on shady slopes and good soil and water conservation, so vegetation ...
Question 3: What do you think of the direction? The sun rises in the east.
Then go up, down, south, left, west, right and east.
Your right hand is where the sun rises in east hope.
Face north.
Question 4: How to distinguish the southeast and northwest directions? Get up in the morning and face the sun. The front is east, the back is west, the left is north and the right is south.
You can find a stump in the forest and tell the direction according to its annual rings, because its annual rings are always wide in the south and narrow in the weak side; You can observe an independent tree with lush foliage on the south and sparse foliage on the north. You can tell the direction according to the ant's cave. Because most of the female ants' holes face south; Where there are many rocks, you can also find an eye-catching rock to observe. The mossy side of the rock is the north side, and the dry and bare side is the south side. On a starry night, we can tell the direction according to the stars: first find the Big Dipper in the sky, along its "spoon handle", find the sixth and seventh stars, and connect the two stars into a straight line according to the mathematical principle of determining a straight line at two points, and find a brighter Polaris on the extension of this straight line. From the "spoon handle" to the brighter Polaris, it just points out the direction from south to north. If it is in winter, the part of the snow that is difficult to melt always faces north because of the sunlight. In addition, there are temples, pagodas and generals' houses, all facing south, while the gate of the * * * temple taught by * * * faces east. In addition, Polaris is used to judge the direction, the natural wind direction in each season, the surface morphology of desert dunes and so on. The discrimination of direction should be analyzed in detail and judged comprehensively.
On a clear day, according to the sunrise and sunset, you can easily know the east and the west, and you can judge the profile, but it can only be a rough estimate. There are the following methods to determine more accurately:
1, watch direction finding "hours are half of the sun, 12 refers to the north". Generally, you can quickly identify the direction between 9: 00 am and 4: 00 pm, and the direction you point to half the time is facing the sun, and 12 is the north. For example, in the afternoon 14:40, half is 7: 00. Or put a watch, put a stick in the center of the watch to turn the watch, so that the shadow of the stick coincides with the hour hand, and the bisector between the hour and 12 is the north. The earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours, so 1 hour is 15 degrees, while the watch rotates 360 degrees is 12 hours, which is 1 times faster than the sun, so that the position can be roughly determined by the watch and the sun. At 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun is in the east and the shadow points to the west. When the hour hand 6 of the dial points to the sun, 12 on the dial points to the west. If the dial is rotated 90 degrees, that is, 6 divided by 2 equals 3, then 3 points to the sun, and at this time 12 refers to the north; Similarly, at noon 12, the sun is in the south. Divide 12 by 2 to get 6,6 points for the sun and 12 points for the north. The disadvantage of this method is that it is best to consider the local time difference and avoid azimuth deviation, but it may be used as a simple judgment of approximate azimuth.
It must be pointed out that:
(1) When judging the direction, the watch should be flat;
(2) In the area between 20 30' south latitude, it is not suitable for use around noon, that is, every 15 plus 1 hour in the east and every 15 plus 1 hour in the west.
The direction of the sun shadow is sunny, and a wooden stick is erected on the ground. The shadow of the stick moves with the position of the sun. These shadows are the shortest at noon, the connecting line at the end is a straight line, and the vertical line of the straight line is the north-south direction.
Draw a series of concentric circles on a piece of 50×50cm drawing paper, with the radius of concentric circles increasing by 1cm, nail them horizontally on a flat plate, and vertically insert a thin steel needle or needle with a length of 12- 15cm on the center of the circle. When the position of the sun changes, the endpoint of the shadow always intersects with the concentric circles. Draw these points, then connect two straight lines on the same circle, and connect the midpoint of these straight lines with the center of the circle. This connecting line is the north-south direction line, and the direction of the arc top is the north.
3. Night Star
At night, you can judge the direction according to Polaris and Southern Cross.
1, Polaris is located in the northern sky, and its exposed altitude angle is equivalent to the local latitude. Based on this, you can find Polaris quickly. Usually according to the Big Dipper (Ursa Major) or the W Star (Fairy Queen).
The Big Dipper is seven bright stars, shaped like a spoon. The place where the two β -α directions of the spoon extend about 5 times is Polaris.
When you can't see the Big Dipper, you can look for the North Star according to the constellation W after Fairy. Cassiopeia consists of five bright stars, shaped like a "W" letter, and the distance between the opening direction and the opening width of the letter is about twice that of Polaris.
2. Southern Cross
At 23 degrees 30 minutes north latitude.
Question 5: How to distinguish the direction of construction drawing? First of all, you should know that in the face of drawings, the direction of drawings is the same as in reality. For example, mechanical drawing: China uses the first perspective, and Europe uses the third perspective. The so-called perspective is just to look at things in different directions, and the reason is the same; For example, the thick solid line is a solid outline visible to the naked eye, and the dotted line is invisible (or the outline of the back of the Sichuan body). The scale marked on the map is very important. You should learn to apply it to actual construction and operation. This can only be learned slowly, not for a while.
Question 6: What methods can be used to tell the direction? The following are common methods:
1. compass.
2. Watch the sunrise and sunset.
3. Look at the handle direction of the Big Dipper at night.
4. Look at the crown of the tree, which is densely covered with south, and the moss on the trunk is north.
The following other methods can be used for reference:
1. Observe the sun-the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Observing the sunrise and sunset can generally show a general direction (for example, at 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun rises in the east and the shadows of all objects fall to the west; By noon 12, the sun is due south and the shadow points to the north; At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, the sun is due to the west and the shadow points to the east. Therefore, the direction can be roughly determined by the shadows of the sun and objects.
2. The branches and leaves of the tree are lush in the south and sparse in the north;
3. Immediate effect-erect a pole on the ground, with the shadow pointing northwest in the morning and northeast in the afternoon. The shortest shadow is at noon, when the shadow points due north;
4. Observe the Polaris-at night, under the dark night sky, we will always find the Beidou constellation that looks like a spoon. There is a bright star seven times away from the end of the spoon, that is, the Polaris, directly below the north, clockwise indicating east, south and west;
5. Observe the caves of ants, most of which face south;
6. Observe the caves of ants ―― most of them face south;
7. Observe the rock-the moss-covered side is the north side, and the dry and bare side is the south side;
8. Observe discrimination-divide your time by 2, and then aim the quotient at the sun. The direction indicated by 12 on the dial is north.
Question 7: How to tell the direction You must learn to tell the direction when traveling in the wild. We all know the pointing function of compass. Here are some other ways to tell the direction in the wild:
Contour: a line that artificially connects points with the same or similar geographical height, that is, a contour line. Generally, the height difference of contour lines is equal, depending on the map scale, generally between 50 and 200 meters. By looking at the distribution and density of contour lines, we can imagine the general terrain. The color blocks of contour lines change with the elevation. The elevation rises in light brown, and the elevation changes from dark brown to dark brown. When it snows all the year round, it appears white (with dotted lines on the side), and the altitude drops to a certain extent, which is generally marked with green. Don't think it is a forest, and don't think it is an oasis. If it is a closed contour line, it means a mountain peak or depression or funnel landform; If the contour lines become dense and merge together, they are steep cliffs and cliffs; If the contour lines are sparse, it means that the terrain is gentle slope or flat land; If the contour line is zigzag, it is a ravine. Map orientation: the orientation of most regional maps is the north, south, west and east of the drawing. It is very important to recognize this point, which needs to be clear when planning the activity itinerary.
Legend: All maps have some symbols, lines and so on. To express a certain geographical terrain type. Such as roads, lakes, grasslands, rivers, villages and towns, peaks and so on. There are legends on general maps.
Observe the sky: The most common way to observe the sky is to observe Polaris. At night, in the dark night sky, we always find the Beidou constellation shaped like a spoon. Seven times from the end of the spoon, there is a bright star, the Polaris, which is directly below the north and clockwise is east, south and west.
Sun and Moon: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Observing the sunrise and sunset can generally show a general direction. You can also use the following methods to measure: erect a straight stick (1 meter high or above) on the flat ground, first make a mark on the top of the shadow of the straight stick (such as putting a stone), and the shadow of the straight stick will move with the movement of the sun. After 65,438+00-60 minutes, make another mark above the shadow of the stick, and draw a straight line between the two marks, which is vertical in the middle.
How to use reference objects to identify directions outdoors?
How to tell the direction
Using the earth as the planet of the solar system and the position of other stars in the night sky can help you identify the direction. It rotates around the axis to alternate day and night, and revolves around the sun to change seasons, because when the earth revolves around the sun, it tilts at a certain angle and gradually approaches from north to south. The nearest point is located in the Tropic of Cancer, and the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer on June 22nd (23.5' north latitude). The time directly above the equator is March 2 1 and September 2 1. Every day the sun rises and sets in the west ―― but it is not due east or due west. There are some seasonal deviations. When the sun reaches its highest point at noon, it is just south of the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, it lies due north. The difference between the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere can be determined by the movement of tree shadows: the northern hemisphere moves clockwise and the southern hemisphere moves counterclockwise. Shadows can be used to determine direction and time.
Shadow clock method (1)
On a flat land, a trunk with a length of 1 m stands upright. Mark the position of the shadow and mark the top with a stone or stick. 15 minutes later, mark the new projection position of the top of the trunk on the ground. The connection between two points will give you the east-west direction ―― mark the west first.
Shadow Clock Method (2)
If you have time, you can use another more accurate method-mark the first shadow vertex in the morning, and make an arc with the point where the trunk falls as the center and the shadow length as the radius. With the arrival of noon, the shadow will gradually shorten and move, and in the afternoon, the shadow will gradually lengthen, marking the intersection of the shadow vertex and the arc point, and the connection between these two points on the arc will provide you with an accurate east-west direction-the shadow vertex in the morning is the west.
Simple compass
A wire (sewing needle is enough) rubs silk repeatedly in the same direction, which will produce magnetism and can indicate the North Pole when hung up. The magnetism will not be very strong, so it needs to be wiped again every once in a while to increase the magnetism. If you have a magnet, it will be more effective than silk-pay attention to rubbing the magnet with an iron needle in the same direction. Hang the magnetic needle with a rope to avoid affecting the balance. But don't use twisted or twisted ropes.
Observe the moon
The moon itself does not shine, it reflects sunlight. When it revolves around the earth for more than 28 days, the shape of the moon will disappear from the earth because of its different relative positions. > & gt
Question 8: How to distinguish the east, west, north and south of 1? Usually refer to the map and compass, actively observe the surrounding terrain and plants, and judge the correct position.
2. Using the sun, the sunrise position in winter is southeast and the sunset position is southwest; In summer, the sunrise position is north-east and the sunset position is north-west; Around the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sunrise is due east and the sunset is due west. As long as there is the sun, you can tell the direction with your watch. Read the time according to the 24-hour system, and divide the hour by 2 to get one hour. Put the watch horizontally on your hand or on the ground, so that the moment of the watch is aimed at the direction of the sun. At this time, the direction of 12 on the watch surface is north, and the direction of 6 o'clock is south. Immediately, erect a pole on the ground. In the morning, the shadow points to the northwest, in the afternoon, the shadow points to the northeast, and the shortest shadow points to the north at noon.
3. aim at the north star with the stars. First, find the spoon-shaped Big Dipper, and extend the interval between the two stars on the spoon C by five times. Then, you can find the Polaris on this straight line. The direction of Polaris is due north.
4. Use features to judge orientation. Independent trees usually have lush foliage in the south, smooth bark in the north, sparse branches and rough bark. The south is generally thick with grass, while the north is wet and covered with moss. For buildings and mounds, the snow in the north melts slowly, but in depressions such as potholes, the situation is just the opposite. The doors and windows of large temples, pagodas and rural detached houses in northern China are mostly open to the south. The northern edge of the clearing in the forest is covered with grass. The annual rings on the cross section of the stump are generally separated in the south and smaller in the north. In the grassland and desert areas in northern China, many snow dragons and salons are often formed near the north wind and grassland. They have big heads and small tails, and their heads point northwest. The doors of Mongolian yurts on the grassland are mostly facing south. Sparse leaves are south on one side, dense on the other side, and dense on the other side. Put the north needle in a greasy puddle with the tip pointing north.
1. On the sunny side (i.e. facing south), a single tree is luxuriant in foliage, while on the shady side (i.e. facing north), the foliage is sparse.
2. In the dense forest, the south of the rock is dry, while the north of the rock is wet and covered with moss.
3. Peach trees and pine trees secrete gum mostly in the south.
4. Tree rings of stumps are sparse in the southern half and dense in the northern half.
The part of snow that is difficult to melt, such as ravines or rocks, is always in the north direction.
6. Ants' caves are mostly in the south of big trees, and the holes face south.
7. Some natural villages are generally concentrated on the south side of the mountain, and most of the gates face south. Generally, ancient temples, pagodas, ancestral halls and other buildings face south.
8. If you can see the stars in the sky at night, as long as you find the Big Dipper, you can find the bright Polaris along the extension line of the spoon handle, and the direction of Polaris is the true north direction. Using the sunny sun, we can easily know the east and the west according to the sunrise and sunset, and we can judge the profile, but it can only be a rough estimate. There are the following methods to determine more accurately:
1, watch direction finding "hours are half of the sun, 12 refers to the north". Generally, you can quickly identify the direction between 9: 00 am and 4: 00 pm, and the direction you point to half the time is facing the sun, and 12 is the north. For example, in the afternoon 14:40, half is 7: 00. Or put a watch, put a stick in the center of the watch to turn the watch, so that the shadow of the stick coincides with the hour hand, and the bisector between the hour and 12 is the north. The earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours, so 1 hour is 15 degrees, while the watch rotates 360 degrees is 12 hours, which is 1 times faster than the sun, so that the position can be roughly determined by the watch and the sun. At 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun is in the east and the shadow points to the west. When the hour hand 6 of the dial points to the sun, 12 on the dial points to the west. If the dial is rotated 90 degrees, that is, 6 divided by 2 equals 3, then 3 points to the sun, and at this time 12 refers to the north; Similarly, at noon 12, the sun is in the south. Divide 12 by 2 to get 6,6 points for the sun and 12 points for the north. The disadvantage of this method is that it is best to consider the local time difference and avoid azimuth deviation, but it may be used as a simple judgment of approximate azimuth.
It must be noted that (1) when judging the direction, the watch should be flat; (2) In the area between 20 30' south latitude, it is not suitable for use around noon, that is, every 15 plus 1 hour in the east and every 15 plus 1 hour in the west.
2. The direction of the sun shadow is sunny, standing on the ground ... >>
Question 9: How to judge the east-west direction? There are three ways to determine the direction on the map according to the latitude and longitude network or beacon. If not, go up, down, south, left, west, right and east.
If it is field orientation, there are more methods.
1, using natural features for orientation
-Use the sun to orient. As we all know, the sun moves from east to west, while the shadow moves from west to east. For example, at 6 o'clock in the morning, the sun rises in the east, and the shadows of all objects fall to the west; By noon 12, the sun is due south and the shadow points to the north; By 6 pm, the sun is due to the west and the shadow points to the east. So you can roughly determine the direction according to the shadows of the sun and objects.
(1) solar reference. Datum can play a role when using sun orientation. Find a tall and thin pole, make it perpendicular to the ground, and put a stone at the vertex A of the pole shadow. After at least 10 minutes, put another stone when the vertex of the polar shadow moves to B. Then, the connecting line between A and B is the east-west direction, and the direction perpendicular to it is the north-south direction. The end facing the sun is the south, and the opposite direction is the north.
Question 10: How to tell the direction? The simplest thing is to look at the sun. It is impossible to live without the sun.
In this case, don't be flustered and anxious. As long as you observe the surrounding scenery calmly, you will find that there are many signs to tell the direction in nature.
You can find a stump in the forest and tell the direction according to its annual rings, because its annual rings are always wide in the south and narrow in the north. You can observe an independent tree with lush foliage on the south and sparse foliage on the north.
You can tell the direction according to the ant hole, because most of the ant holes face south.
Where there are many rocks, you can also find a more striking rock to observe. The mossy side of the rock is the north side, and the dry and bare side is the south side.
If it is a starry night, you can tell the direction according to the stars. The specific method is: first find the Big Dipper in the sky, find the sixth and seventh stars along its "spoon handle", connect the two stars into a straight line according to the mathematical principle of determining a straight line at two points, and find a brighter Polaris on the extension line of this line. From the "spoon handle" to the brighter Polaris, it just indicates the south.
If it is in winter, you can observe ravines or buildings to determine the direction. Due to sunlight, the part of the snow that is difficult to melt always faces north.
In addition to the above methods, you can also use a watch to tell the direction: divide your time by 2, and then aim the quotient at the sun. The direction indicated by 12 on the dial is north. For example, at 8 o'clock in the morning, the quotient divided by 2 is 4, and the 4 on the dial faces the sun, and 12 refers to the north; If it is afternoon, it should be calculated according to the prescribed 24-hour timing method; At 2 pm, it is 14 o'clock. Divided by 2, the quotient is 7. Aim the 7 on the dial at the sun, and the direction indicated by 12 is the north.