About the author: A Lei, born in 1909, formerly known as Zhu Yiwei, now known as Lianshui, Jiangsu. Arrhenius was born in Vic near Uppsala, Sweden. He liked mathematics since he was a child, and entered the missionary school at the age of 8, which fully demonstrated his talent in mathematics and physics. At present, I studied in the middle school affiliated to Nanjing Jinling University and Shanghai Lida College, then studied Japanese in Shanghai Wentong College, and finally graduated from Shanghai Art College. 193 1 year to join the anti-imperialist grand alliance. 1932 Join the "Left-wing Drama Association". In August of the same year, he was admitted to Shanghai British Commercial Company as a conductor, joined the Youth League soon, and then joined the China * * * Production Party. He was arrested for taking part in the conductor's strike. Two years later, he was released on bail and went to Malaysia to teach at Kekong School in Kuala Lumpur. After that, I returned to Shanghai to work as a writer and translator. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he joined the New Fourth Army and worked in culture, education and administration in the army and local areas. After liberation, he served as vice president of Hunan Revolutionary University, director of provincial culture and education, propaganda minister of provincial party committee and president of Hunan University. 1983 retired. One Side was written by the author on 1936 to commemorate the death of Mr. Lu Xun. It was first published in the semi-monthly "Middle Stream" edited by Li Liewen. Alei, whose real name is Zhu Yiwei, was born in Lianshui County, Jiangsu Province,1June, 909. Graduated from Shanghai Art Institute. 1August, 932, admitted to Shanghai yingshanggong * * * automobile company as a conductor, and soon joined China * * * production party. After liberation, he served as vice president of Hunan Revolutionary University, director of the Provincial Department of Culture and Education, propaganda minister of the provincial party committee and president of Hunan University. The reason why the author wrote this article: 1936 10 Mr. Lu Xun died in Shanghai on June 19, and the people of the whole country expressed their deep condolences in various ways. Alei and Lu Xun only met once, but Lu Xun's appearance and words and deeds left a deep impression on him, so he could see the overall situation clearly from an early age, showing Lu Xun's noble character of loving the working people and caring for the progressive youth. As a younger generation, Alei expects to follow in the footsteps of Lu Xun. Lu Xun died in Shanghai on1June+10/October 19, 936. After hearing the news, the masses risked being arrested by the reactionary military police and rushed to see the remains, and tens of thousands of people automatically held a funeral for him. Zhou Ye described this scene in his article My Uncle Lu Xun. On the 22nd, the body covered with the "soul of china" flag dedicated by the Shanghai people was placed in the World Cemetery. Lu Xun wrote a lot of works in his life, mercilessly exposing the evil of Kuomintang reactionaries and the darkness of old China. The reactionaries were very afraid of Lu Xun's articles, and were not allowed to publish them. They wanted to arrest him, but he always fought the enemy relentlessly. From the article "My Uncle Mr. Lu Xun talks about hitting a wall", we feel his tenacious struggle spirit of saving the country and saving the people regardless of personal safety and not afraid of hitting a wall. We also seem to see his heroic image of "looking at a thousand fingers coldly". Svante August Arrhenius is a famous chemist, physicist and astronomer in the history of modern chemistry. Arrhenius1February 859 19 was born in Vic, Uppsala, Sweden. His father's name is Svante Goodspeed and his mother's name is carolina Christina Tomberg. My father graduated from Uppsala University in his early years and used to run real estate in Vic. 1860, the family moved to Uppsala, and Gustav became the general manager of Uppsala University. My parents have a child and Arrhenius is their second son. ] Igaz, Arrhenius was brilliant since he was a child, and he could read at the age of 3. When my brother John does his homework, he often observes carefully. With his unique talent, he understood some simple algorithms from arithmetic books. At the age of six, he was able to sit beside his father and help him settle accounts. The primary school curriculum was far from satisfying his thirst for knowledge, and he asked his father to send him to middle school as soon as possible. In a middle school run by a church in Uppsala, Arrhenius developed a special interest in mathematics, physics, biology and chemistry, and achieved excellent results. H8_dP*yh: zT[。 W(xI| 1876, 17) graduated from Arrhenius Middle School and was admitted to Uppsala University. He likes math, physics, chemistry and other science courses best, and he passed the bachelor's degree exam in only two years. 65438-0878 began to study for a doctorate in physics. His tutor, Professor T.R.Thalen, is an expert in spectral analysis. Under the guidance of his tutor, Arrhenius studied spectral analysis. But he thinks that as a physicist, he should also master other disciplines related to physics. So he often goes to some math and chemistry classes taught by professors. Gradually, he became more interested in electricity than spectral analysis. He is convinced that "the energy of electricity is endless" and he is keen on studying current phenomena and conductivity. This aroused the dissatisfaction of the tutor Professor Tarun, who asked Arrhenius to get down to business and study more topics related to spectral analysis. As the saying goes, "everyone has his own interests and can't stay." Different goals forced Arrhenius to bid farewell to the mentor. 188 1 year, he came to the capital Stockholm for further study. Under the guidance of Professor Edlund, a physicist at the Swedish Institute of Science, he conducted electrical research. Before long, Arrhenius became Professor Edlund's right-hand man. Whenever the professor gives a lecture, he helps the tutor to carry out complex experiments, and when he is engaged in scientific research, he cooperates with the professor to carry out some measurement work. Therefore, his talent was appreciated by the professor. Almost all his spare time, his department is engaged in its own independent research. In the field of electricity, he is very interested in the research of batteries that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Young Arrhenius studied hard and had strong experimental ability. He had been engaged in laboratory work for a long time, and formed the habit of being meticulous and asking questions. Therefore, he can always put forward some meaningful assumptions and create novel and unique theories about his research topics. He found that in the battery, in addition to the chemical energy generated by chemical reactions being converted into electrical energy, there are also some factors that cause electrode polarization and reduce the voltage of the current loop. Therefore, he began to study additives that can reduce or even prevent 1 polarization. He insisted on repeated experiments and finally understood that the polarization effect depends on the amount of additive-depolarizer. The establishment of ionization theory is Arrhenius' most important contribution in the field of chemistry. L Mn/Cowo+I-Ze In the first half of the 9th century, it was proposed that electrolyte would generate ions in solution. However, during the headmaster's period, the scientific community generally agreed with Faraday's view that "Faraday would dissociate under the action of current" in solution. When Arrhenius studied the conductivity of electrolyte solution, he found that the concentration affected the conductivity of many dilute solutions. Arrhenius was very interested in this discovery and asked his tutor for advice. Professor Edlund appreciated his keen observation ability and pointed out that further experiments and in-depth exploration were his key points. Arrhenius boldly improved the instrument designed by the professor in the experiment. A few months later, he got a lot of experimental measurement results. It took a long time to process and calculate these results. Here, he found some more interesting facts For example, gaseous ammonia is not conductive at all, but ammonia solution can conduct electricity, and the thinner the solution, the better the conductivity. A large number of experimental facts show that the halogen acid solution has a similar situation. After many sleepless nights, Arrhenius clung to the conductivity of the dilute solution. His uniqueness lies in that he always associates the electrical properties of conductivity with the chemical properties of the solution, trying to explain the electrical properties of the solution from a chemical point of view. 1883 in may, he finally formed the basic view of ionization theory. He believes that when the solution is diluted, its conductivity increases due to the action of water. Why? He pointed out: "To explain the enhancement of conductivity when the electrolyte aqueous solution is diluted, it must be assumed that there are two different forms of electrolyte in Romanian liquid, inactive molecular form and active-ionic form. In fact, when diluted, some molecules of the electrolyte decompose into dissociation, which is an active form; While the other part remains unchanged, which is an inactive form … "He added:" When the solution is diluted, the number of active forms increases, so the conductivity of the solution is enhanced ". Great discovery! These thoughts of Arrhenius finally broke through Faraday's traditional ideas and put forward a new view of electrolyte automatic ionization. In order to summarize and clarify his research results and new ideas in theory, he wrote two papers. The first article describes and summarizes the results of experimental measurement and calculation. The title is "Study on the Conductivity of Electrolyte". The second chapter is a theoretical summary of the existing forms of substances in aqueous solution based on the experimental results. The title is "Chemical Theory of Electrolyte", and the basic idea of ionization theory is expounded in detail. Arrhenius sent these two papers to the Swedish Academy of Sciences for experts' consideration. 1June 6, 883, after discussion by the Swedish Academy of Science in Stockholm, it was recommended for publication, and was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences,No. 1 1 published in early 1984. | oy': bi w' {symc 1883 At the end of the year, when Arrhenius received the proofs of these two papers from the above magazines, he had another idea. He condensed the main contents, wrote a dissertation on the study of electrolyte conductivity, and sent it to Uppsala University. The Academic Committee of the University accepted his application and decided to make a public thesis defense in May 1884. The defense will be fierce. Arrhenius explained the dissociation of electrolyte in water with a large number of irrefutable experimental facts, and brilliantly expounded his new viewpoint, which was praised by most members and participants. However, Professor Tarun, Arrhenius' tutor, said that he had no objection to the experimental facts, but he could not understand the view that electrolyte ionized automatically in aqueous solution. Professor Clive, another tutor, suggested that he was skeptical about Arrhenius' experimental facts, and thought that the view that electrolyte ionized automatically in aqueous solution was absurd. Arrhenius repeatedly quoted a large number of experimental facts to support his point of view. As early as in 1857, he cited the hypothesis that electrolyte will generate ions in aqueous solution without passing current, and also cited the research results of German chemist ostwald to defend his point of view. But in the end, because the Committee supported the professors' opinions, Arrhenius only got 3 points in the defense. k9xd。 _k]`%？ q； BP. A heated debate passed, and Arrhenius was not discouraged by his poor performance. On the contrary, he firmly believes that his point of view is correct. In order to seek a more extensive and fair evaluation, he sent the paper to some famous scientists in Europe the day after his defense. Before long, he received a reply from Craggins in Bonn. L Meyer, who lives in Dubingen, W ostwald, who lives in Riga, Russia, and Van Hof, a young Dutch chemist, also wrote him highly praised letters of support. Among them, ostwald showed special interest in Arrhenius' work. He not only fully affirmed the young man's experimental results, but also raised many questions about the study of acid catalysis in his letter, suggesting to discuss topics of the same interest with him. This letter became the beginning of their long-term cooperation. 1In August, 884, ostwald made a special trip to Nyapsala to meet this young scholar. * * * Common interests and academic views have enabled them to form a profound friendship. Ostwald affirmed Arrhenius' new viewpoint of ionization theory, and theoretically explained the fundamental reason why acid played a catalytic role. The visit of a famous European scholar caused a sensation in the quiet campus of Uppsala University during the summer vacation. Clive and other professors were surprised that Arrhenius was so valued. At home, a few famous scientists such as Professor Edhlund and Professor Peterson from Stockholm also expressed their support for Arrhenius' new viewpoint. The university authorities decided to hold a thesis defense for Arrhenius again: this defense went very smoothly that winter and the thesis was passed. Soon, Arrhenius was appointed as an associate professor of physical chemistry. Only the stubborn Professor Clive and his supporters are still desperately opposed to the new ionization theory. Therefore, Arrhenius had to leave Uppsala and return to Stockholm to work under the leadership of Professor Edhlund. There, he continued to study the conductivity of electrolytes. =v{j27kp F2F)X Edlund attaches great importance to Arrhenius' knowledge and keen observation ability, especially appreciates his spirit of breaking through traditional ideas and pursuing truth, and gives him full support and enthusiastic guidance in his work. With the help of the professor, his scientific achievements have been widely valued. 1At the end of 885, Arrhenius won the Swedish Academy Science Award, which enabled him to go abroad for further study. N' L = LBMZ+/L | \ C+U \ T 1886 He came to Russia for the first time and completed their cooperation plan in the laboratory of Riga Institute of Technology in ostwald. Then he went to Fort Valcz, where he studied the conductivity of gas and the role of water as a solvent in the ionization process in the laboratory of electrician professor Cole Rush. With the progress of research work, Arrhenius' academic level has improved rapidly. But at the same time, he feels more and more lack of knowledge, and he needs to learn more and more extensive knowledge. In order to expand his knowledge, he must consult more experts with different academic styles and majors. So 1887 1 year, he went to Graz again and worked in Boltzmann's laboratory. 1888 and arrive in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In cooperation with Van Hoff, he made a series of measurements related to the freezing point reduction of electrolyte liquids. According to the experimental results, they calculated the values of isotonic coefficient and ionization degree in Van Hof's osmotic pressure formula of dilute solution, and explained them with ionization theory. This cooperation has inspired both sides and made them feel great benefits. Since then, Arrhenius has rushed to Leipzig to engage in new experimental research in the Institute of Physical Chemistry led by ostwald, further enriching and perfecting the ionization theory. M2 qgeyq ng3huzh "(1in the summer of 888, Arrhenius ended his trip to European countries and returned to his motherland excitedly. He loves Sweden and is eager to work in his hometown for a long time. However, the reality let him down. At home, his scientific achievements are still not universally recognized by the scientific community. Even the old professor Edlund, who had always supported him, died soon. He wanted to go back to Uppsala, but because of Professor Clive's opposition, Uppsala University couldn't even arrange a chemistry assistant position for him, so he had to be an assistant to Professor Hammarskj? ld, a physiologist. It was not until 189 1 that Arrhenius received an invitation from the German University of Giessen and hired him as a professor of physical chemistry on the recommendation of ostwald. This incident has attracted the attention of domestic academic circles, and people have come to retain him. Out of love for the motherland, Arrhenius resolutely declined this appointment, preferring to stay in Stockholm Institute of Technology as an associate professor of physics. Since then, his academic position in China has been generally recognized, and his prestige in the world is also getting higher and higher. 1895 became a member of the German Electrochemical Society and the president of Stockholm University the following year. 1_8j)t* K} +M@D Arrhenius has made great achievements in physical chemistry, and the ionization theory he founded remains in the world and is still evergreen today. He is a versatile scholar. Besides chemistry, he also devoted himself to the study of electricity in physics, astrophysics and meteorology in astronomy. 1896 published a paper on the influence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on the earth's temperature, and also wrote a textbook on astrophysics. As a physicist, he also made important contributions to the economic development of the motherland. He personally participated in the research and development of domestic water resources and waterfall hydropower, making hydropower networks all over Sweden. His wisdom and fruitful achievements have been widely recognized and praised in China. Even Professor Clive, who had always opposed him, became a supporter of ionization theory and Arrhenius from 1898. That year, at the rally to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the death of Bezayrie uz, a famous Swedish chemist, Professor Clive mentioned in his long speech: "The flag dropped from Bezayrie uz after his death was raised by Arrhenius, another outstanding scientist. He also proposed to elect Arrhenius as an academician of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. Due to Arrhenius' outstanding achievements in the field of chemistry, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first scientist in Sweden to win this scientific prize. After 1905, he served as the director of the Swedish Nobel Institute until the last moment of his life. He also won many other foreign scientific medals and honorary titles. E \ & gt4]pL]@ jppn]+$。 Arrhenius was sickly in his later years, but he still refused to put down his research. He insisted on revising and completing the second volume of the book The Origin of the World. 1On October 2nd, the 68-year-old master of science passed away. Arrhenius' scientific life has given great ideological enlightenment to future generations. First of all, he is a firm natural science materialist in philosophy. He never believed in religion and believed in science all his life. While the natural scientist in the19th century was still deeply bound by metaphysics, he was able to break the limitations of the subject and study the conductivity of electrolyte solution from the connection between physics and chemistry, thus breaking the traditional concept and creating the ionization theory. Secondly, he is knowledgeable and good at all fields of natural science. As early as a student, he was proficient in four or five languages, such as English, German, French and Swedish, which played an important role in his traveling around the world and extensive academic exchanges. In addition, his love for the motherland and the spirit of giving up foreign honor and superior conditions in order to serve the motherland are still models for scientific workers. 1936 To commemorate the death of Lu Xun, A Lei wrote a retrospective article "One Side", which was first published in the semi-monthly "Middle Stream" edited by Li Liewen, and was later incorporated into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools. Alei graduated from Shanghai Art Institute. 1August, 932, admitted to Shanghai yingshanggong * * * automobile company as a conductor, and soon joined China * * * production party. The reason why the author wrote this article: 1936 10 Mr. Lu Xun died in Shanghai on June 19, and the people of the whole country expressed their deep condolences in various ways. Alei and Lu Xun only met once, but Lu Xun's appearance and words and deeds left a deep impression on him, so he could see the overall situation clearly from an early age, showing Lu Xun's noble character of loving the working people and caring for the progressive youth. As a younger generation, Alei expects to follow in the footsteps of Lu Xun. Lu Xun died in Shanghai on1June+10/October 19, 936. After hearing the news, the masses risked being arrested by the reactionary military police and rushed to see the remains, and tens of thousands of people automatically held a funeral for him. Zhou Ye described this scene in his article My Uncle Lu Xun. On the 22nd, the body covered with the "soul of china" flag presented by the Shanghai people was placed in the funeral home of the nations. Lu Xun wrote many works in his life. Lu Xun hated darkness as much as the devil, and mercilessly exposed the evil of Kuomintang reactionaries and the darkness of old China. The reactionaries were very afraid of Lu Xun's articles, and were not allowed to publish them. They wanted to arrest him, but he always fought the enemy relentlessly. From the article "My Uncle Mr. Lu Xun talks about hitting a wall", we feel his tenacious struggle spirit of saving the country and saving the people regardless of personal safety and not afraid of hitting a wall. We also seem to see his heroic image of "looking at a thousand fingers coldly".