In the feudal history of China for thousands of years, Confucian culture with Confucianism as the core has occupied several leading positions for a long time. People attach importance to Confucianism.
As a way for rulers to select and recruit talents throughout the country, the imperial examination system makes the position of Confucian culture unattainable.
Degree. Science and technology have not received due attention. The "low-end technology" regarded as unsightly has been ignored, discriminated against and even excluded.
For the bad guys > Ifu's "special skills" have repeatedly suppressed the destruction. Obviously, the status and fate of science and technology in China feudal society is humiliating and pathetic.
Sadness. This stupid idea and its actions not only greatly dampened people's enthusiasm and enthusiasm for exploring and studying science and technology.
Ifu _ or the long-term stagnation or even backwardness of feudal society in China "is one of the important reasons for the development trend of the world, resulting in 1840.
One of the direct reasons for China's failure in the Opium War.
During the Opium War, imperialism opened the door of China's closed door and woke up in a "deep sleep" state.
China people. The signing of treaty of nanking made the whole country feel "cool". The government and the public are in an uproar. They were deeply humiliated. Meanwhile. With reason, conscience and blood,
A thoughtful and benevolent person will begin to think and explore the reasons for failure in the face of severe facts. Through the comparison between East and West, I realized that China is.
There is a huge gap between science and technology and the west. From this, we realized the truth that "you will be beaten if you fall behind", which was paid a huge price. From Ifn,
It began to correct the name of science and technology, began to change the prejudice and discrimination against science and technology, and realized the great role of science and technology in social development.
Use and value. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1 give science and technology a high-level orientation from the ideological understanding.
1. 1 Re-understanding and orientation of traditional feudal culture and educational thought
Before the Opium War, the culture of China maintained the tradition of feudal Confucianism, and the rulers used high pressure and appeasement 7{
The policy has shrouded cultural education in a dull atmosphere of striving for fame and profit, piling up old paper and being divorced from reality. After the Opium War. In terms of ethnicity and race
A profound crisis. Ten men of insight, represented by Gong Zizhen and Wei Yuan, began to look around the world and called for cultural and educational reform. "Confucianism immersion
Mourning, teaching, and realizing' not doing your duty'. It is this kind of abandonment of feudal culture and education that can hardly maintain the survival and development of China's feudal society.
But it cannot resist the invasion of foreign powers. Therefore, it is difficult for traditional feudal culture and education to occupy a unified position. It is in this situation.
The concept of science and technology entered China society and changed China's cultural concept.
1.2 The ideological status of science and technology has risen sharply.
In the modern history of China, world pioneers Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan adapted to the needs of social development, stood at the forefront of reform and put forward.
The idea of learning from the west. Wei Yuan shouted "useful things, that is, strange skills Ifn, which is not obscene and clever" in the preface to "Jiang Nianpu", which has the significance of the times.
Yi's view of science and technology. After Li Hongzhang stepped onto the political stage, he had a clear understanding of the current situation: "The mixed situation of China people and foreigners has become a reality. How can our generation be strong? "
He had a premonition that China would be brought into the world stage in the future. How to find a way out in this "thousand changes"? He thinks the first thing is
He proposed: "If China wants to strengthen itself, it is better to learn from foreign sharp weapons. If you want to learn foreign sharp tools, you might as well find tools.
Ifn doesn't have to use it for everyone. In Li Hongzhang's view, the way out for China to survive in the face of foreign powers lies in J's efforts to make westerners widely used in China. Ifu is not just military. Obviously, Li Hongzhang realized that developing natural science and applied science is an urgent task for self-improvement.
And important content. It can be seen that attaching importance to the concept of science, technology and culture is not just common sense. Ifu _ the highest leadership of the ruling class.
This l-slave has been completely realized internally. Under their advocacy, scientific and technological ideas have been paid more and more attention by the society.
2. Under the guidance of scientific and technological thought, the development of modern science and technology in China.
Great changes have taken place in the concept of mountain. Science and technology finally stepped onto the stage aboveboard. It has become a hot issue and Ifu has been shut down by the whole society. "
Note: It brings a completely different atmosphere to China society.
Second, the development of military science and technology.
After Wei Yuan put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", although people didn't attach great importance to it at that time, they talked with the landlord.
Some people in the class have increased their contact with foreign invaders, deepened their understanding of western things and increased the disaster of the Chinese nation.
Heavy. People began to look back and re-recognize the correctness of Wei Yuan's ideas. They began to learn from the west and introduced western weapons and machines.
Equipment and technology. Feng Guifen's understanding of western learning is unique and advanced, pointing out that the strength of the west is not only military and science and technology, but also heavier.
It is important that they have science as the basis. Therefore, he thinks that we should attach importance to learning western scientific knowledge. He first put forward the concept of "western learning" in modern times.
It got rid of the shackles that predecessors regarded western learning as "art" and "instrument", and provided a brand-new cognitive basis for the spread of western learning in modern China.
In ism, Feng Guifen put forward the ideas of "learning from the west" and "manufacturing foreign instruments", which unified the learning of modern western scientific and technological knowledge with the manufacturing of foreign instruments.
Since Ifu, it has promoted the development of the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", and the Westernization Movement is just a movement inspired by this trend of thought to learn from the West.
Li Hongzhang, the chief designer and executor of the Westernization Movement, pointed out that the advantage of "foreigners saying things is unreasonable" is to solve Chinese and foreign problems.
The decisive factor in the argument. It's no use arguing with your tongue. China can only compete with it by "learning what it can and seizing what it relies on". Just a few.
In view of this, Li Hongzhang's "reform" began with "self-improvement" and strengthened the improvement of military technology. Established Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Jinling Machinery successively.
Arsenal such as Machinery Bureau imported machines and technology from Ifu, which made China's military equipment change the backward state of traditional spears and knives.
2.2 Development of technologies such as industry and agriculture
While importing a large number of western advanced technologies and equipment for ordnance production, industry and agriculture also began to introduce western science and technology in a big way.
Surgical activities. At that time, some people of insight thought that if China wanted to get rid of the humiliating and tragic fate of being bullied and slaughtered by the West, it would really become rich and strong.
The road to military modernization is to attach importance to and learn science and technology. There is no other way. This understanding has actually put forward the idea of "saving the country through science and technology"
China solved the important theoretical problem of "rejuvenating the country through science and technology" and provided theoretical guidance for introducing western science and technology to various industries.
Important practical and historical significance. Under the guidance of this theory, modern western industrial and agricultural technologies and equipment were continuously introduced into China.
The traditional small-scale peasant consciousness and small-scale peasant production mode have been severely challenged.
2.3 the development of science and technology in school education
What is more gratifying is that technology not only won a place in the society at that time, but also began to enter schools and was brought into the positive.
The teaching content of this model enables young students to receive systematic science and technology education, which lays the foundation for the further popularization and development of science and technology.
Foundation.
The educational content of traditional China is Confucian classics. At that time, all kinds of schools (divided into central and local schools in Qing dynasty), whether it was Confucian classics or local schools set up by the central government.
Goods school. Except for different levels, levels and academic qualifications, the educational policy and nature are exactly the same: all school courses are
Prepare for the imperial examination; The motivation of students to enter school and the destination of graduation are all for becoming famous, entering the subject and becoming an official. Managers of schools at all levels are only responsible to the emperor.
Responsibility. In this way, from the perspective of social production development and scientific and cultural development, schools at all levels in the Qing Dynasty not only objectively had the ability to carry out literacy and teaching.
In essence, it has become a preparatory school for teachers and an imperial examination preparation institution. For trained people, all their thoughts and actions.
Because. It must conform to the requirements of Confucian classic norms that are particularly frugally interpreted. "see no evil. Don't listen to heresy. Don't say evil. If evil does not move, it has become an example.
As a result, education in China has lost its scientific core.
As a kind of knowledge, Confucianism has undeniable and reasonable content; IFN and J are limited to the only knowledge content of the whole school education.
It caused the loss of science. Scientific knowledge in the modern sense includes all correct understanding of nature, human society and thinking.
Sum. Confucianism is mainly a humanities science, focusing on the relationship between people and between people and society. From human civilization
Throughout the history of development, natural science and social science are two wheels to promote the progress of social civilization. Traditional education in China abandons natural science.
And all social sciences except Confucianism, which makes the traditional education in China and even the traditional culture in China become "unicycle culture". This kind of education
It is difficult for culture to have a sense of crisis and make people feel at ease. A kind of "numbness" caused by Ifn also led to the national tragedy of the Opium War in China.
Pan application. Ifu is not just military. Obviously, Li Hongzhang realized that the development of natural science and applied science is an urgent task for self-improvement.
And important content. It can be seen that attaching importance to the concept of science, technology and culture is not just common sense. Ifu _ the highest leadership of the ruling class.
This l-slave has been completely realized internally. Under their advocacy, scientific and technological ideas have been paid more and more attention by the society.
2. Under the guidance of scientific and technological thought, the development of modern science and technology in China.
Great changes have taken place in the concept of mountain. Science and technology finally stepped onto the stage aboveboard. It has become a hot issue and Ifu has been shut down by the whole society. "
Note: It brings a completely different atmosphere to China society.
Second, the development of military science and technology.
After Wei Yuan put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", although people didn't attach great importance to it at that time, they talked with the landlord.
Some people in the class have increased their contact with foreign invaders, deepened their understanding of western things and increased the disaster of the Chinese nation.
Heavy. People began to look back and re-recognize the correctness of Wei Yuan's ideas. They began to learn from the west and introduced western weapons and machines.
Equipment and technology. Feng Guifen's understanding of western learning is unique and advanced, pointing out that the strength of the west is not only military and science and technology, but also heavier.
It is important that they have science as the basis. Therefore, he thinks that we should attach importance to learning western scientific knowledge. He first put forward the concept of "western learning" in modern times.
It got rid of the shackles that predecessors regarded western learning as "art" and "instrument", and provided a brand-new cognitive basis for the spread of western learning in modern China.
In ism, Feng Guifen put forward the ideas of "learning from the west" and "manufacturing foreign instruments", which unified the learning of modern western scientific and technological knowledge with the manufacturing of foreign instruments.
Since Ifu, it has promoted the development of the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", and the Westernization Movement is just a movement inspired by this trend of thought to learn from the West.
Li Hongzhang, the chief designer and executor of the Westernization Movement, pointed out that the advantage of "foreigners saying things is unreasonable" is to solve Chinese and foreign problems.
The decisive factor in the argument. It's no use arguing with your tongue. China can only compete with it by "learning what it can and seizing what it relies on". Just a few.
In view of this, Li Hongzhang's "reform" began with "self-improvement" and strengthened the improvement of military technology. Established Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Jinling Machinery successively.
Arsenal such as Machinery Bureau imported machines and technology from Ifu, which made China's military equipment change the backward state of traditional spears and knives.
2.2 Development of technologies such as industry and agriculture
While importing a large number of western advanced technologies and equipment for ordnance production, industry and agriculture also began to introduce western science and technology in a big way.
Surgical activities. At that time, some people of insight thought that if China wanted to get rid of the humiliating and tragic fate of being bullied and slaughtered by the West, it would really become rich and strong.
The road to military modernization is to attach importance to and learn science and technology. There is no other way. This understanding has actually put forward the idea of "saving the country through science and technology"
China solved the important theoretical problem of "rejuvenating the country through science and technology" and provided theoretical guidance for introducing western science and technology to various industries.
Important practical and historical significance. Under the guidance of this theory, modern western industrial and agricultural technologies and equipment have been introduced into China.
The traditional small-scale peasant consciousness and small-scale peasant production mode have been severely challenged.
2.3 the development of science and technology in school education
What is more gratifying is that technology not only won a place in the society at that time, but also began to enter schools and was brought into the positive.
The teaching content of this model enables young students to receive systematic science and technology education, which lays the foundation for the further popularization and development of science and technology.
Foundation.
The educational content of traditional China is Confucian classics. At that time, all kinds of schools (divided into central and local schools in Qing dynasty), whether it was Confucian classics or local schools set up by the central government.
Goods school. Except for different levels, levels and academic qualifications, the educational policy and nature are exactly the same: all school courses are
Prepare for the imperial examination; The motivation of students to enter school and the destination of graduation are all for becoming famous, entering the subject and becoming an official. Managers of schools at all levels are only responsible to the emperor.
Responsibility. In this way, from the perspective of social production development and scientific and cultural development, schools at all levels in the Qing Dynasty not only objectively had the ability to carry out literacy and teaching.
In essence, it has become a preparatory school for teachers and an imperial examination preparation institution. For trained people, all their thoughts and actions.
Because. It must conform to the requirements of Confucian classic norms that are particularly frugally interpreted. "see no evil. Don't listen to heresy. Don't say evil. If evil does not move, it has become an example.
As a result, education in China has lost its scientific core.
As a kind of knowledge, Confucianism has undeniable and reasonable content; IFN and J are limited to the only knowledge content of the whole school education.
It caused the loss of science. Scientific knowledge in the modern sense includes all correct understanding of nature, human society and thinking.
Sum. Confucianism is mainly a humanities science, focusing on the relationship between people and between people and society. From human civilization
Throughout the history of development, natural science and social science are two wheels to promote the progress of social civilization. Traditional education in China abandons natural science.
And all social sciences except Confucianism, which makes the traditional education in China and even the traditional culture in China become "unicycle culture". This kind of education
It is difficult for culture to have a sense of crisis and make people feel at ease. A kind of "numbness" caused by Ifn also led to the national tragedy of the Opium War in China.
Under the impact of powerful guns and cheap goods in the west, the traditional culture and education in China have been in crisis. And its influence on western culture. Confucianism
Officials trained by family culture know nothing about the natural science and the corresponding philosophy and social science necessary for the development of industrial civilization.
Measures. It is through technical reflection that Wei Yuan and Lin Zexu issued the cry of reforming China education and remolding China civilization. This is done by
Only after the thrilling national crisis did I realize the deeper and more serious education crisis. Education must change. This is the voice of society.
The Qing government carried out a series of reforms in education for various reasons. The change of educational content is only part of it.
Some. Natural disciplines such as mathematics, humanities, surveying, geology, animals and plants, geography and other disciplines began to enter the campus. Ifn broke the seal.
Closed "unification" has laid a foundation for future education and social development.
While the teaching content has been changed, a new type of school education has emerged in the school setting, which is vocational education. occupation
Technical education in China started relatively dry. It can be said that the school sprout-library and order-appeared in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and its education was intrinsic.
Ability is mainly the content of vocational education. The old man taught his life and production experience to his children. It is a kind of life skill education. exist
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Mozi's education also included a large number of vocational education. After entering the feudal society, "learning to be excellent is to be an official"
Official career education has enveloped the whole education. The content of vocational education was treated unfairly, dropped out of school and transferred to the people. the opium war
After the failure, on the basis of summing up the lessons of failure, the knowledgeable people changed their ideas and turned their eyes from "classic" to "practical".
People began to pay attention to technical education, and a new type of school-vocational school began to appear. According to relevant data, except for individual military affairs.
Outside the technical school, a vocational and technical school with the worst drought was established. The school was established in Fuzhou Ma in June of 1886 (five years of Tongzhi) when it was first promoted from left to right.
At the end of the year, Fujian Ship Administration School aims to cultivate technical personnel in ship industry and driving skills urgently needed by national defense; Later vocational school of agriculture, industry and commerce
Churches are constantly emerging, such as Hangzhou Silkworm Academy, Jiangning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shanxi Academy of Forestry.
3 significance and shortcomings
At present, we have never understood China's scientific and technological thoughts and related activities in the middle and late 9th century from a scientific and divisive point of view.
The meaning and deficiency of life is helpful for us to critically inherit the historical and cultural heritage and make the past serve the present.
3. 1 The emergence and formation of scientific and technological ideas played an important role in the development of modern history in China.
Although in China at that time, people didn't know what productivity was, and it was hard to draw the conclusion that "science and technology are the primary productivity", like this.
Theory. However, by carefully studying the history and present situation of developed countries in Europe and America, a dozen people of insight have formed such an understanding:
Science and technology have great magic power in promoting the development and progress of human society. In a word, this scientific and technological thought and its branches
The emergence of technical activities has profound significance and function:
(1) broke the centralized position of traditional Confucian classics, brought natural science and practical technology into China society, and enriched the connotation of China culture.
It laid a foundation for the scientific development and social progress of China in the future.
(2) It is beneficial for several people to emancipate their minds and see the world. In traditional society, people pretend to be a chivalrous country. Everything about them is good. other countries
Everything is not desirable. This kind of understanding greatly limits the communication between people and the outside world, and also limits their own thoughts and
Vision. China was isolated, backward and beaten. The emergence of this scientific and technological thought is conducive to China people to re-evaluate themselves correctly.
Find a more correct position on the world stage. Give full play to your advantages from Ifu. Learn what foreign countries are useful to me. Make up for it
Insufficient. Promote their own development.
(3) Understanding nature scientifically and using nature in Ifu will benefit several people and benefit several people.
3.2 China's lack of modern scientific and technological thought movement
(1) sets the unrealistic position of science and technology too high. People believe that technology decides everything. Only technology has gone up. China asked everything.
The problem will be solved. In fact, the fundamental reason for China's backwardness is feudal autocratic rule. It was the feudal system that seriously bound people's minds.
Of course, it also restricts the formation, consolidation and development of China's scientific and technological thought.
(2) There is no * * * knowledge within the ruling class. The fierce struggle and old ideas within the ruling class restricted the division.
With the development and popularization of technological ideology, scientific and technological ideas and activities are difficult to be understood and accepted by the broad masses of the people, and it is also very difficult.
Become a whole social activity. It is just an idea and behavior of some enlighteners and people of insight in a very limited social scope.
Existence. It is the mountain that lacks a broad social foundation. Ifn also limits the further development of scientific and technological ideas to society.
Generally speaking, the change of China's concept of science and technology after the Opium War not only showed a brand-new value concept in front of Chinese people, but also showed a brand-new value concept.
Learning modern western science and technology is regarded as a general plan to revitalize the country and the nation, which is of great significance to ideological enlightenment and emancipation.