In ancient times, people often needed to measure the length of an object and the size of a field in their daily lives, and they needed to know the weight of an object, which gradually produced the concepts of equal length, equal area and equal weight (mass).
When measuring the length, people begin to use a certain part of the body, such as one degree and one step. Later, some simple tools were invented to unify the measurement standards.
Now there are all kinds of rulers, which are more convenient to measure. 2. We know that the numbers * * * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 were originally invented by Indians, and/kloc-0 was introduced to China in the late 3rd century. People mistakenly thought that 0 was also invented by Indians.
In fact, when India was first invented, there was no "0". They wrote "204" as a blank "2 4" and 2004 as "2 4". How can we tell how many zeros are in the middle? In order to avoid confusion, we use the dot ""to indicate that 204 is written as "2.4", which is not confused with decimals? It was not until 876 AD that "0" was determined. China has created "0" before 1240 years. At that time, China's zero was χ. Based on the lack of words when writing, "0" means there is no such number, or there is no such number, which is represented by "χ". With the continuous counting of people for a long time, it gradually developed and evolved, and finally it was determined to be today's. "
Therefore, taking "0" as 0 is an outstanding contribution of China ancient algebra. 3. It is one of the earliest developed areas in the world.
It is located on both sides of the Nile. Around 3200 BC, after nearly 800 years of struggle, the whole territory of Egypt was unified.
Due to the regular flooding of the Nile, ancient Egyptian mathematics came into being in order to measure the land after the flooding of the river. Now our understanding of ancient Egyptian mathematics mainly comes from two books written in hieroglyphics.
One is a book in London, and the other is a book in Moscow. London was first discovered in the ruins of the ancient Egyptian capital. 1858 was bought by the British Reint, so it is also called Reint papyrus.
Papyrus is an aquatic plant, which is abundant in the Nile Delta. It is shaped like a reed. At that time, people tore its stems into thin slices layer by layer, so they could write. This book is 550 cm long and 33 cm wide. This was written by Egyptian monk Amos. It was written about 1700 BC, about 3700 years ago.
The title of this book is "A guide to clarifying all the dark and secret things in objects". The book is divided into three chapters: one is arithmetic, the other is geometry, and the third is miscellaneous questions; * * * 85 questions, probably a practical calculation manual at that time. Moscow was first acquired by Russian collectors in 1893 and transferred to Moscow Museum in 19 12.
It was written about 1850 BC. There are 25 questions recorded in the book, but it is a pity that there is no positive side and I don't know the topic.
In these two papyrus books, there are not only the calculation of one-dimensional linear equation, but also the algorithm of Egyptian music score at that time. In practical problems, it involves food, alcohol, animal feeding, food storage and other issues.
Especially some calculation problems, which are very wonderful. This shows that people have applied mathematics to solve practical problems in production and life 4000 years ago.
4. China people have always attached importance to the philosophical value of "3". On the people with "3", there are Huang Sanhe and Su San; There are "3" articles, "trilogy" and "three words"; According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, there are three treasures in the garden-ginkgo on the tree, peony in the flower and orchid in the grass.
People also use the "3" theory for research. For example, Zhu, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty, believed that reading required three things: heart, eyes and mouth.
Foreigners also attach great importance to "3". As early as the 5th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras called "3" a perfect number, because it embodied "beginning, middle and end" and was divine.
In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, the world was ruled by three great gods-Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto. Jupiter holds trident lightning, Neptune holds trident, and Pluto holds three-headed dogs.
There are also three legendary goddesses in Greek mythology: the goddess of fate, the goddess of vengeance and the goddess of kindness. Ancient westerners thought that the world consisted of three things-the earth, the sea and the sky; There are three kinds of contents in nature-animals, plants and minerals; The human body has three properties-body, mind and spirit; Human beings need three kinds of knowledge-theory, practice and discrimination; Wisdom includes three aspects-careful thinking, appropriate language and just behavior.
In modern times, many people's opinions are still inseparable from "3". Hugo, a great French writer, said: human wisdom holds three keys: a key to mathematics, a key to letters and a key to notes.
In other words, smart people should learn math, language and music well. Einstein, a famous physicist, summed up three successful experiences: hard work, correct methods and less empty talk.
5. Mathematical Encyclopedia: (1) Do you know? China is the first country in the world to use the rounding method for calculation. About two thousand years ago, people have used rounding method to calculate.
(2) Among the four oceans in the world, the average depth of the Pacific Ocean is about three times that of the Atlantic Ocean, 400 meters more than that of the Atlantic Ocean, and the average depth of the Indian Ocean is less than that of the Pacific Ocean 103 meter. What is the average water depth in the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean? (3) Xiaodong is a young netizen. He wants to read it online every day.
Yesterday, he saw a message on the Internet: China discharges about 3 16 tons of sewage into the sea every second, which is twice that of the United States, three times that of Russia and 29 times that of other coastal countries. 6. The origin of the name "mathematics" The ancient Greeks introduced names, concepts and self-thinking in mathematics, and they began to guess how mathematics came into being very early.
Although their guesses were just jotted down, they almost occupied the thinking field of guesses first. What the ancient Greeks wrote down at random became a lot of articles in the19th century, but it became an annoying cliche in the 20th century.
Herodotus (484-425 BC) was the first person who began to guess. He only talks about geometry. He may not be familiar with general mathematical concepts, but he is sensitive to the exact meaning of land survey.
As an anthropologist and social historian, Herodotus pointed out that the geometry of ancient Greece came from ancient Egypt. In ancient Egypt, because the land was flooded every year, in order to collect taxes, people.
2. What is written in the math manuscript?
Mathematics is a science that studies concepts such as quantity, structure, change and spatial model. By using abstract and logical reasoning, the shape and motion of objects are counted, calculated, measured and observed. The basic elements of mathematics are: logic and intuition, analysis and reasoning, individuality and individuality. Celebrity: Gauss Gauss is a German mathematician, physicist and astronomer. Gauss was born. I am curious about all phenomena and things, and I am determined to find out. Gauss went to school for the first time at the age of seven. A story widely circulated abroad said that when Gauss was at 10, by adding all the integers from 1 to 100, he worked out the arithmetic problem that Butner gave to the students. Butner gave the children a difficult addition problem: 81297+81495+81693+…+100899. After that, Gauss also finished the calculation, and handed in the slate and the answer together. Only his answer was correct at that time. Mathematical historians tend to think that Gauss had mastered arithmetic progression's summation method at that time. For a child as young as 10, it is unusual to discover this mathematical method independently. Gauss's academic position has always been highly respected by people. He has the reputation of "prince of mathematics" and "king of mathematicians". Euclid, an ancient Greek mathematician, was called "the father of geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the Ptolemy I Soter period (323 BC-283 BC). His most famous work, Elements of Geometry, is the foundation of European mathematics. He put forward five postulates and developed Euclidean geometry, which is widely regarded as the most successful textbook in history. Euclid also wrote some works about perspective, conic curve, spherical geometry and number theory. Zu Chongzhi (AD 429-500) was an outstanding mathematician and scientist in China. He was born in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Han nationality, named Wen Yuan. Born in Yuan Jia, who was illiterate for six years, he died in Hou Yongyuan, Qi State for two years. My ancestral home is in Qixian County, Fanyang County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). His main contributions are in mathematics, astronomical calendar and machinery. As an arithmetic textbook of imperial academy in Tang Dynasty, it was unfortunately lost. Zu Chongzhi and his son Zuxuan also successfully solved the problem of calculating the volume of the ball by using "Mouhe Square Cover" and got the correct formula of the volume of the ball. In mechanics, he designed and manufactured a water hammer mill, a compass driven by copper, a thousand-mile boat, a timer and so on. Besides, he also studies music. He is one of the few well-read figures in history. There is also a crater named after him on the moon. Jia Xian, a classical mathematician in China, reached his peak in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The prelude of this development is the discovery of "Jiaxian Triangle" (binomial expansion coefficient table) and the establishment of higher-order open method ("increase multiplication open method") closely related to it. Jia Xianren in Northern Song Dynasty, completed around 1050. The original book was lost, but its main contents were copied by Yang Hui (about13rd century), which can be handed down from generation to generation. Yang Hui's Detailed Explanation of Nine Chapters Algorithm (12665438+) or Yang Hui Triangle. At the same time, it records Jia Xian's "method of increasing, multiplying and opening" to the root of higher order. Jiaxian Triangle is called Pascal Triangle in western literature and was rediscovered by French mathematician B Pascal in 1654.
3. Second-year mathematics tabloid materials
Multiplication formulas, book themes and math stories.
Three customers came to a store, eager to buy cakes to catch the train, and the limited time could not exceed 16 minutes. Several chefs said there was nothing they could do, because it took five minutes to bake two sides of a cake, and two cakes could be put in one pot at a time, so it took 20 minutes to bake three cakes. Then there was the chef Lao Li, who said that it only took 15 minutes to think. Do you know how to make a brand?
The origin of mathematics: Mathematics is the oldest subject, and its origin can be traced back to more than 10,000 years ago. However, very little information has been preserved before 1000. So far, only in ancient Egypt and Babylon have systematic mathematical documents been found.
As early as 65,438+05,000 years ago, human beings have been able to describe the images of people and animals quite realistically. This is the earliest evidence of the germination of graphic consciousness. Later, it gradually began to pursue circles and straight lines, thus becoming the earliest prototype of mathematical graphics. In daily life and production practice, counting consciousness and counting system have gradually emerged. Humans have explored a variety of counting methods, including knotting with ropes at first, counting with stones, and further expressing language points with symbols, and gradually developing into the numbers we use today. When graphic consciousness and counting consciousness develop to a certain extent, measurement consciousness appears.
This series of development and evolution has gradually formed a complete mathematical discipline that we are familiar with today, including arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, statistics and probability (in fact, it was originally for people to study gambling) ... and so on, and it is still developing.
One day, Xiao Lin was washing dishes at home. Xiao Qiang saw it and asked, "Why do you wash so many dishes?" "
We have guests at home. ""How many people came? " Kobayashi said, "I don't know. I only know that each of them uses a rice bowl, two people share a soup bowl, three people share a vegetable bowl, four people share a big wine bowl, and one * * uses 15 bowl. "Do you know how many guests are here?